{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T08:27:16Z","timestamp":1793262436792,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013051","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000}}],"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Calmette Yersin Fund of the International Direction of Institut Pasteur"},{"name":"CAS-TWAS PhD President\u2019s Fellowship Programme"},{"name":"Institut Pasteur"},{"name":"MOST National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2018ZX10101004; 2021YFC2300201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10101004; 2021YFC2300201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31870153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31870153"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2020YFC0845900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC0845900"]}]},{"name":"CAS President\u2019s International Fellowship Initiative","award":["2020VBA0023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020VBA0023"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project","award":["20431900402; 201409003400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20431900402; 201409003400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018537","name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018ZX10101004003001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10101004003001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Babanki virus (BBKV), an alphavirus belonging to the Western Equine Encephalitis antigenic complex, was first isolated from\n                    <jats:italic>Mansonia africana<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes in 1969 but remains poorly characterized. Transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of an infectious female mosquito, it is associated with febrile illness, rash, and arthritis, similarly to its close relative Sindbis virus. No specific treatment or vaccine is currently available. Here, we experimentally assessed the vector competence of mosquito species from tropical and temperate regions under ecologically relevant temperature conditions. Using a BBKV molecular clone, individual midguts, salivary glands, legs, and saliva samples were collected at different time points to assess infection, dissemination, and transmission dynamics in\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Nice and R\u00e9union Island, and\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    from Paris and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) mosquitoes. We show that BBKV efficiently infects and disseminates in all tested species, with\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes exhibiting higher infection rates (&gt;70%) compared to\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Importantly, infectious viral particles were detected in mosquito saliva, confirming transmission potential. Viral replication persisted over time and was supported by both RNA quantification and infectious virus titration. Overall, our results show that multiple mosquito species from both temperate and tropical regions are competent vectors for BBKV, highlighting a significant emergence potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:30:16Z","timestamp":1787592616000},"page":"e0013051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vector competence of temperate and tropical mosquito species for Babanki virus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Ban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Geolier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Perthame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Ferquel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Faye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa Moise","family":"Diagne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Hadji","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gamou","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Lavillette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4714-1006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Choumet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013051.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.04.002","article-title":"Alphaviruses: population genetics and determinants of emergence","volume":"94","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013051.ref002","volume-title":"International catalogue of arboviruses: including certain other viruses of vertebrates","author":"N Karabatsos","year":"1985","edition":"3"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013051.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1876","article-title":"Sindbis virus as a human pathogen-epidemiology, clinical picture and pathogenesis","volume":"26","author":"S Adouchief","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0013051.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421571","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1421571","article-title":"Unraveling the complex interplay: immunopathology and immune evasion strategies of alphaviruses with emphasis on neurological implications","volume":"14","author":"R de Oliveira Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013051.ref005","unstructured":"B\u00fcchen-Osmond, Cornelia, \u00e9diteur. Babanki virus (ICTVdB Taxon Code 00.073.0.01.024.00.003). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, 2004."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013051.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0069","article-title":"Phylogeographic Structure and Evolutionary History of Sindbis Virus","volume":"10","author":"JO Lundstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"},{"issue":"41","key":"pntd.0013051.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00868-19","article-title":"Complete genome sequences of igbo-ora and babanki alphavirus strains isolated in the Central African Republic in the 1960s and 1970s","volume":"8","author":"V Tricou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"key":"pntd.0013051.ref008","author":"Y Robin","year":"1970"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013051.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.4.480","article-title":"Arbovirus surveillance from 1990 to 1995 in the Barkedji area (Ferlo) of Senegal, a possible natural focus of Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"38","author":"M Traor\u00e9-lamizana","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0013051.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-140","article-title":"Mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance at selected sites in diverse ecological zones of Kenya; 2007\u20132012","volume":"10","author":"C Ochieng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013051.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2559-9","article-title":"Mosquito-borne arboviruses of African origin: review of key viruses and vectors","volume":"11","author":"L Braack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013051.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1678939","article-title":"Arboviruses in the East African Community partner states: a review of medically important mosquito-borne Arboviruses","volume":"113","author":"R Nyaruaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013051.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001680","article-title":"Mosquito-borne arboviruses in Uganda: history, transmission and burden","volume":"102","author":"MN Mayanja","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0013051.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394661","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1394661","article-title":"Detection of two alphaviruses: middelburg virus and Sindbis virus from enzootic amplification cycles in southwestern Uganda","volume":"15","author":"SL Graff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013051.ref015","first-page":"1439215","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies against flaviviruses, Babanki virus, and Rift Valley fever virus in Ugandan bats","volume":"8","author":"RC Kading","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013051.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokoloski KJ, Snyder AJ, Liu NH, Hayes CA, Mukhopadhyay S, Hardy RW. 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