{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:02:27Z","timestamp":1776445347330,"version":"3.51.2"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013088","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000}}],"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parasitic helminths infect over 2 billion people, primarily those living in poverty. Helminth infections typically establish in early childhood and persist through critical periods of growth and development, leading to cognitive deficits and\/or behavioral changes. These deficits could result from the helminths themselves or due to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and its influence on the gut-brain axis. Using two cohorts of 3-week-old female mice, we measured levels of anxiety, fear, compulsion, spatial learning, and spatial memory, between schistosome-infected and sham-exposed mice. Additionally, we compared their fecal microbiomes using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at two time points during the chronic stage of infection. Schistosome-infected mice showed higher levels of anxiety in the open field test, reduced spatial learning in the Morris water maze task, and enhanced memory retention in the novel object task. All mice performed equally on the marble bury task. Each cohort started with unique microbiota which showed marked changes in the beta diversity of their microbiota after exposure. In both cohorts, at 7- weeks post exposure, infected mice had more <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron<\/jats:italic> and less <jats:italic>Turicibacter<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus<\/jats:italic> sp. than uninfected mice. At 10 weeks, infected mice had more <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic> sp. and fewer <jats:italic>Muribaculaceae<\/jats:italic> sp. Interestingly, taxon shifts in infected mice were those typically associated with protective effects on liver disease and IL-10 gut conditions, suggesting a possible protective role of the shifted microbiome. Our analyses did not indicate associations between behavioral measures and microbiome composition; however, this could be due to the strong impact of infection on the microbiome composition. Findings here uncover behavioral and cognitive impacts of schistosome infection and shed light on the complex interplay between schistosome infection, behavioral changes, and host microbiome composition, which could ultimately support future global health efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T17:45:18Z","timestamp":1749750318000},"page":"e0013088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Does schistosome infection affect behavior through the gut-brain axis?"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Leigh","family":"Combrink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannie M.","family":"Spaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Perret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Maehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Britney","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Johns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Blouin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-2401","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Steinauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013088.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/53d95072-6329-412d-a5e4-c1a00acd1934","article-title":"\u201cManifesto\u201d for advancing the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases","volume":"4","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2656-4","article-title":"Current epidemiological evidence for predisposition to high or low intensity human helminth infection: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"JE Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013088.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182023000045","article-title":"Spatial parasitology and the unmapped human helminthiases","volume":"150","author":"CG Schluth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013088.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22620","article-title":"Inflammation during fetal and neonatal life: implications for neurologic and neuropsychiatric disease in children and adults","volume":"71","author":"H Hagberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-2146-2","article-title":"Gut microbiota disturbance during helminth infection: can it affect cognition and behaviour of children?","volume":"17","author":"V Guernier","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013088.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30490-5","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in the first 1000 days","volume":"18","author":"JB Freer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013088.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy092","article-title":"Chronic Helminth Infection Perturbs the Gut-Brain Axis, Promotes Neuropathology, and Alters Behavior","volume":"218","author":"PR Giacomin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12274","article-title":"Interactions between the intestinal microbiome and helminth parasites","volume":"38","author":"MM Zaiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00843","article-title":"Parasite-Microbiota Interactions With the Vertebrate Gut: Synthesis Through an Ecological Lens","volume":"9","author":"JM Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013088.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2012.09.010","article-title":"Communication between gastrointestinal bacteria and the nervous system","volume":"12","author":"JA Bravo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013088.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour","volume":"13","author":"JF Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013088.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-013-3017-x","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives","volume":"4","author":"X Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.05.016","article-title":"Relationships between diet-related changes in the gut microbiome and cognitive flexibility","volume":"300","author":"KR Magnusson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.06.021","article-title":"Infant gut microbiome associated with cognitive development","volume":"83","author":"AL Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.08.001","article-title":"Microbiome profiles are associated with cognitive functioning in 45-month-old children","volume":"98","author":"F Streit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013088.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12949","article-title":"Impact of helminth\u2013microbiome interactions on childhood health and development\u2014A clinical perspective","author":"A Piazzesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013088.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","article-title":"Immunology of human schistosomiasis","volume":"36","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07784-7","article-title":"Effect of Schistosoma haematobium infection on the cognitive functions of preschool age children and benefits of treatment from an endemic area in Zimbabwe","volume":"22","author":"M Kasambala","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013088.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244695","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying schistosomiasis infection burden in pre-school aged children (PreSAC) in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000-2020","volume":"15","author":"C Kalinda","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01088-x","article-title":"Epidemiology of pediatric schistosomiasis in hard-to-reach areas and populations: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"PM Isaiah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000080896","article-title":"A statistical approach to schistosome population dynamics and estimation of the life-span of Schistosoma mansoni in man","author":"AJ Fulford","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013088.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.556","article-title":"Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Chinese primary schoolchildren","volume":"60","author":"C Nokes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00843.x","article-title":"Heavy schistosomiasis associated with poor short-term memory and slower reaction times in Tanzanian schoolchildren","volume":"7","author":"Partnership for Child Development","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013088.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181975","article-title":"Change in children\u2019s school behavior after mass administration of praziquantel for Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic areas of western Kenya: A pilot study using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC-2)","volume":"12","author":"R Musuva","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005524","article-title":"Cognitive deficits and educational loss in children with schistosome infection\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"AE Ezeamama","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0397","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis is associated with endotoxemia and Toll-like receptor 2- and 4-bearing B cells","volume":"84","author":"D Onguru","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013088.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010837","article-title":"The role of environmental enteric dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Schistosoma mansoni associated morbidity in school-aged children","volume":"16","author":"J Ara\u00fajo Fiuza","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2739-2","article-title":"Investigations on the interplays between Schistosoma mansoni, praziquantel and the gut microbiome","volume":"11","author":"PHH Schneeberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30412-x","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications of the mammalian intestinal microbiota","volume":"8","author":"TP Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593838","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.593838","article-title":"Baseline gut microbiota composition is associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection burden in rodent models","volume":"11","author":"A Cort\u00e9s","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013088.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010878","article-title":"The gut microbial metabolic capacity of microbiome-humanized vs. wild type rodents reveals a likely dual role of intestinal bacteria in hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis","volume":"16","author":"A Cort\u00e9s","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00039","article-title":"Chronic schistosome infection leads to modulation of granuloma formation and systemic immune suppression","volume":"4","author":"SK Lundy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref033","first-page":"52434","article-title":"Use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice","volume":"96","author":"ML Seibenhener","year":"2015","journal-title":"JoVE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-011-0430-z","article-title":"The novel object recognition memory: neurobiology, test procedure, and its modifications","volume":"13","author":"M Antunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cogn Process"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref035","first-page":"55718","article-title":"Novel object recognition test for the investigation of learning and memory in mice","volume":"126","author":"LM Lueptow","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.095","article-title":"Neonatal serotonin depletion alters behavioral responses to spatial change and novelty","volume":"1139","author":"CF Hohmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90590-X","article-title":"Evaluation of marble-burying behavior as a model of anxiety","volume":"38","author":"K Njung\u2019e","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.01.035","article-title":"Effects of glutamate-related drugs on marble-burying behavior in mice: Implications for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder","volume":"586","author":"N Egashira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2904-9","article-title":"Effects of mood stabilizers on marble-burying behavior in mice","volume":"226","author":"N Egashira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref040","article-title":"Anticompulsive-like effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in marble-burying test","author":"K Montezuma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rep Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(84)90007-4","article-title":"Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat","volume":"11","author":"R Morris","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013088.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.3.485","article-title":"Age-related deficits in mice performing working memory tasks in a water maze","volume":"117","author":"KR Magnusson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013088.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.12.54","article-title":"Aging of the NMDA receptor: from a mouse\u2019s point of view","volume":"7","author":"KR Magnusson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.116","article-title":"Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory","volume":"1","author":"CV Vorhees","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref046","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref047","author":"H Wickham","year":"2009"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref048","author":"TL Pedersen","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics with S [Internet]","author":"WN Venables","year":"2002"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref050","volume-title":"An {R} Companion to Applied Regression [Internet]","author":"J Fox","year":"2019"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref051","author":"J Oksanen","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref052","author":"H Wickham","year":"2023"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref053","author":"H Wickham","year":"2023"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013088.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v021.i12","article-title":"Reshaping data with the reshape package","volume":"21","author":"H Wickham","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013088.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref056","author":"S Bache","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref057","author":"R Hijmans","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013088.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"23","key":"pntd.0013088.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13036-1","article-title":"Evaluation of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for species and strain-level microbiome analysis","volume":"10","author":"JS Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013088.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013088.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822004000600015","article-title":"The effect of Zymomonas mobilis culture on experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection","volume":"37","author":"FM Santos J de","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2406-3","article-title":"Probiotics and yogurt modulate oxidative stress and fibrosis in livers of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice","volume":"19","author":"MF El-Khadragy","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106669","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo evaluation of Bacillus clausii against Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"235","author":"CS Cruz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-023-08090-0","article-title":"Effects of the probiotic Bacillus cereus GM on experimental schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"123","author":"VHB Dos Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12230","article-title":"Lack of host gut microbiota alters immune responses and intestinal granuloma formation during schistosomiasis","volume":"175","author":"M Holzscheiter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical and Experimental Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00171-1","article-title":"Infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice induces changes in nociception and exploratory behavior","volume":"65","author":"M Fiore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013088.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23033","article-title":"The effects of living in an outdoor enclosure on hippocampal plasticity and anxiety-like behavior in response to nematode infection","volume":"29","author":"EC Cope","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013088.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010330","article-title":"Infection with intestinal helminth (Hymenolepis diminuta) impacts exploratory behavior and cognitive processes in rats by changing the central level of neurotransmitters","volume":"18","author":"K Blecharz-Klin","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139912","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1139912","article-title":"The association of systemic inflammation and cognitive functions of pre-school aged children residing in a Schistosoma haematobium endemic area in Zimbabwe","volume":"14","author":"M Kasambala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00817-w","article-title":"Genetic and metabolic links between the murine microbiome and memory","volume":"8","author":"J-H Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.01.081","article-title":"Acute systemic LPS-mediated inflammation induces lasting changes in mouse cortical neuromodulation and behavior","volume":"590","author":"Z Ming","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710513","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.710513","article-title":"Parasite-derived excretory-secretory products alleviate gut microbiota dysbiosis and improve cognitive impairment induced by a high-fat diet","volume":"12","author":"J Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02492","article-title":"Schistosoma \u201ceggs-iting\u201d the host: granuloma formation and egg excretion","volume":"9","author":"C Schwartz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8096","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08096","article-title":"Dysbiosis gut microbiota associated with inflammation and impaired mucosal immune function in intestine of humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"W Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03166","article-title":"Disorganized Gut Microbiome Contributed to Liver Cirrhosis Progression: A Meta-Omics-Based Study","volume":"9","author":"L Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref077","article-title":"Predicting Clinical Outcomes of Cirrhosis Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy From the Fecal Microbiome","volume":"8","author":"CM Sung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013088.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajt.2022.11.011","article-title":"Oral administration of the commensal Alistipes onderdonkii prolongs allograft survival","volume":"23","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013088.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025792","article-title":"Gut microbiome metagenomics analysis suggests a functional model for the development of autoimmunity for type 1 diabetes","volume":"6","author":"CT Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01529-7","article-title":"Exposing new taxonomic variation with inflammation \u2014 a murine model-specific genome database for gut microbiome researchers","volume":"11","author":"I Leleiwi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146162","article-title":"Pglyrp-Regulated Gut Microflora Prevotella falsenii, Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides eggerthii Enhance and Alistipes finegoldii Attenuates Colitis in Mice","volume":"11","author":"R Dziarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1018","article-title":"Commensal anaerobic gut bacteria attenuate inflammation by regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of PPAR-\u03b3 and RelA","volume":"5","author":"D Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107183","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron relieves colon inflammation by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor and modulating CD4+T cell homeostasis","volume":"90","author":"K Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304159","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2304159","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ameliorates mouse hepatic steatosis through regulating gut microbial composition, gut-liver folate and unsaturated fatty acids metabolism","volume":"16","author":"H Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013088.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089006","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2089006","article-title":"Recovery of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ameliorates hepatic steatosis in experimental alcohol-related liver disease","volume":"14","author":"M Sangineto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-11946-7","article-title":"Identification of a protective Bacteroides strain of alcoholic liver disease and its synergistic effect with pectin","volume":"106","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013088.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843","article-title":"The immunobiology of schistosomiasis","volume":"2","author":"EJ Pearce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00061","article-title":"T Lymphocyte-Mediated Liver Immunopathology of Schistosomiasis","volume":"11","author":"B Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941530","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941530","article-title":"Potential Gut Microbiota Features for Non-Invasive Detection of Schistosomiasis","volume":"13","author":"D Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013088.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03626-z","article-title":"Biochemical, functional and genomic characterization of a new probiotic Ligilactobacillus salivarius F14 from the gut of tribes of Odisha","volume":"39","author":"J Dash","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127648","article-title":"Distribution and roles of Ligilactobacillus murinus in hosts","volume":"282","author":"Z Chuandong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652923","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.652923","article-title":"Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from the porcine gut modulate innate immune responses in epithelial cells and improve protection against intestinal viral-bacterial superinfection","volume":"12","author":"Y Indo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013088.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040942","article-title":"Ligilactobacillus murinus Strains Isolated from Mice Intestinal Tract: Molecular Characterization and Antagonistic Activity against Food-Borne Pathogens","volume":"11","author":"IL Sandoval-Mosqueda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569727","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.569727","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiome and metabolite profiling in mice infected by Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"11","author":"Y Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013088.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2014.03.005","article-title":"Impairment of hippocampal-dependent memory induced by juvenile high-fat diet intake is associated with enhanced hippocampal inflammation in rats","volume":"40","author":"C Boitard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013088","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T17:54:14Z","timestamp":1750701254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013088"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Inic-Kanada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013088","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013088","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]}}}