{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:41:46Z","timestamp":1767177706083,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013118","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000}}],"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Monthly salaries"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Monthly salaries"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Monthly salaries"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Monthly salaries"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Monthly salaries"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Monthly salaries"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Monthly salaries"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Monthly salaries"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Support for the present manuscript"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Support for the present manuscript"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Her institution received funding for the conduct of the clinical trial"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Her institution received funding for the conduct of the clinical trial"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["His institution received funding for the conduct of the clinical trial"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["His institution received funding for the conduct of the clinical trial"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020955","name":"GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00a798 research third party grant for the conduct of the clinical trial"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a798 research third party grant for the conduct of the clinical trial"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is recommended to individuals at risk for exposure to rabies. Three intramuscular doses of the purified chick embryo cell (PCEC) rabies vaccine can be administered according to a conventional (four-week) or an accelerated (one-week) regimen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This phase III, open-label study (NCT02545517) was an extension of the NCT01662440 study where immune responses of different primary PrEP regimens with PCEC rabies vaccine and Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine were assessed. Adults who had completed the parent study and received three doses of rabies PrEP regimens, concomitantly with a JE vaccine or alone (i.e., Rabies+JE-Accelerated, Rabies+JE-Conventional, and Rabies-Conventional groups) were enrolled in this extension study. Here we evaluated the long-term (up to 10 years after completing the primary vaccination) immunogenicity and boostability of PCEC rabies vaccine, and the safety of booster dose(s). Immunogenicity was assessed in terms of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) concentrations, and titers \u22650.5 international units (IU)\/mL were considered adequate for protection. Participants with RVNA concentrations &lt;0.5 IU\/mL were eligible for receiving PCEC rabies vaccine booster(s). Of the 459 participants enrolled in this study, 77.6% completed the trial. At the study end, the probability of detecting adequate RVNA concentrations in unboosted participants was 57.8%, 60.2%, and 62.0% for the Rabies+JE-Accelerated, Rabies+JE-Conventional, and Rabies-Conventional groups, respectively. Overall, 68.6% of all participants had RVNA concentrations \u22650.5 IU\/mL at any timepoint and did not require a booster dose during the study follow-up period. Of the 144 participants with RVNA concentrations &lt;0.5 IU\/mL at any timepoint, 132 needed one booster dose throughout the follow-up period (Years 3\u201310) and 12 needed multiple booster administrations. No safety concerns were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PCEC rabies vaccine administered alone\/concomitantly with the JE vaccine provides adequate immunity for up to 62% of unboosted participants at study end.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T13:56:17Z","timestamp":1748354177000},"page":"e0013118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term persistence and boostability of immune responses following different rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis priming schedules of a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered alone or concomitantly with a Japanese encephalitis vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tomas","family":"Jelinek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Schunk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emil C.","family":"Reisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marylyn M.","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Wiedermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Costantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Lattanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Pellegrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-4259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Galgani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Rabies-018 V49_23E1 study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0013118.ref001","first-page":"201","article-title":"Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper \u2013 April 2018","volume":"93","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"pntd.0013118.ref002","volume-title":"WHO expert consultation on rabies: third report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013118.ref003","article-title":"Revised recommendations for rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis in travellers: avoid bumpy roads, select the highway!","volume":"26","author":"L Knopf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013118.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taaa173","article-title":"High time to prioritize rabies prevention-a new paradigm","volume":"27","author":"R Steffen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013118.ref005","author":"N Bavarian","year":"2023"},{"key":"pntd.0013118.ref006","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013118.ref007","author":"Indian Academy of Pediatrics (ACVIP)","year":"2020"},{"issue":"38","key":"pntd.0013118.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900716","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.38.1900716","article-title":"Rabies vaccination strategies in the Netherlands in 2018: a cost evaluation","volume":"25","author":"AW Suijkerbuijk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013118.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2015.05.008","article-title":"Evaluation of rabies immunogenicity and tolerability following a purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine administered concomitantly with a Japanese encephalitis 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Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pntd.0013118.ref018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"issue":"18","key":"pntd.0013118.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.02.027","article-title":"Survival of neutralizing antibody in previously rabies vaccinated subjects: a prospective study showing long lasting immunity","volume":"24","author":"K Suwansrinon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013118.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab034","article-title":"Long-term memory response after a single intramuscular rabies booster vaccination 10-24 years after primary immunization","volume":"226","author":"CA De Pijper","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013118.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taab188","article-title":"Long-term persistence of antibodies and boostability 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to do?","volume":"12","author":"U Wiedermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013118","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical 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