{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:33:00Z","timestamp":1792290780234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging as a major global health threat, Mpox previously known as Monkeypox has drawn attention due to a worrying surge in cases. This zoonotic disease, native to Central and West Africa, is marked by fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy and is primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or people and indirectly through contaminated objects. Recent studies have indicated possible sexual transmission, underscoring how human behavior and environmental changes are increasing its prevalence, even though human-to-human transmission is less efficient than that of smallpox. Mpox is endemic in several African countries, and currently, the infection has spread in non-endemic countries, including Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya. Democratic Republic of Congo\u00a0is the epicenter of the current Mpox outbreak. From January 1, 2022, to August 6, 2024, sixteen African countries reported Mpox outbreak. Several factors, including population immunity deficiencies and changes to the environment and ecology, have led to the widespread of Mpox in Africa. Challenges such as the fragile healthcare system, limited vaccine availability and access, weak surveillance, and low public awareness poses difficulty in containing the infection in affected countries. Given the potential of Mpox to disrupt\u00a0several sectors including health systems, which may ultimately reverse progress in achieving the sustainable development goals by 2030. It is imperative for countries, both within and outside Africa, to extend financial aid and human resources to combat the infection effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T13:30:57Z","timestamp":1749735057000},"page":"e0013148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Mpox in Africa: What we know and what is still lacking"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jia Bainga","family":"Kangbai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6040-8660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Umaru","family":"Sesay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Vickos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatmata","family":"Kagbanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mosoka Papa","family":"Fallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustus","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref001","author":"F Fenner","year":"1988"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref002","first-page":"442","volume-title":"Orthopoxviruses Pathogenic for Humans","author":"SN Shchelkunov","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013148.ref003","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"ID Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.005108-0","article-title":"A prairie dog animal model of systemic orthopoxvirus disease using West African and Congo Basin strains of monkeypox virus","volume":"90","author":"CL Hutson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013148.ref005","first-page":"465","article-title":"Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates","volume":"66","author":"Z Jezek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013148.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.428","article-title":"Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003","volume":"73","author":"LA Learned","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6615","key":"pntd.0013148.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add4507","article-title":"Heavy-tailed sexual contact networks and monkeypox epidemiology in the global outbreak, 2022","volume":"378","author":"A Endo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref008","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref009","author":"Center for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2013"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref010","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref011","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"8026","key":"pntd.0013148.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-02607-y","article-title":"Growing mpox outbreak prompts WHO to declare global health emergency","volume":"632","author":"M Kozlov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref013","author":"G Emanuel","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013148.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107159","article-title":"The 2023 - 2024 multi-source mpox outbreaks of Clade I MPXV in sub-Saharan Africa: alarm bell for Africa and the World","volume":"146","author":"M Cevik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013148.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4580","article-title":"Challenges and ongoing actions to address the mpox emergency in Africa","volume":"90","author":"FO Rahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013148.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-070882","article-title":"Did mpox knowledge, attitudes and beliefs affect intended behaviour in the general population and men who are gay, bisexual and who have sex with men? 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