{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T19:19:13Z","timestamp":1771442353892,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013177","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mosquitoes, as critical vectors of diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, and yellow fever, pose significant public health risks in Chengdu, a subtropical city in southwestern China. The present study ecological surveillance and PacBio third-generation sequencing to characterize the symbiotic microbiota of four dominant mosquito species (\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Armigeres subalbatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) across urban and rural habitats. From 2020 to 2024, mosquito density monitoring revealed spatial heterogeneity(\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Culex tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles sinensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), with outer ring areas exhibiting the highest density (34.69 mosquitoes per trap per night), while central urban zones had the lowest (3.60). Sequencing identified 717 high-quality Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs), with\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    harboring the most unique bacterial species (191). Beta diversity analysis demonstrated distinct microbial clustering among species, driven by\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonadota<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominance (54.27\u201393.89%) and variations in secondary phyla (\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroidota, Campylobacterota<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Functional prediction analysis via the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) revealed significant disparities in the abundance of human disease-associated pathways across mosquito symbiotic microbiota (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.049), with the disparities primarily observed in pathways related to bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections\u2014categories of substantial public health relevance. Notably,\n                    <jats:italic>Wolbachia (clade B)<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella variicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited species-specific abundance patterns, underscoring their respective roles in potential pathogen suppression and public health risks. Unclassified taxa (\n                    <jats:italic>norank_d__Bacteria, norank_p__Candidatus_Hydrogenedentes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) clustered near novel mosquito-associated spirochetes, suggesting underexplored functional microbiota. This study establishes a foundational dataset for understanding mosquito-microbe interactions and inform the development of targeted strategies for mitigating vector-borne disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:40:57Z","timestamp":1770921657000},"page":"e0013177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial community structure and diversity of common mosquito species in Chengdu: Insights from PacBio third-generation sequencing and public health implications"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1201-9698","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yifan","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zelin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangli","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5535-5552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuangfeng","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref001","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13705-5","article-title":"Enterococci Mediate the Oviposition Preference of Drosophila melanogaster through Sucrose Catabolism","volume":"7","author":"W Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013177.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006709","article-title":"Field-collected Triatoma sordida from central Brazil display high microbiota diversity that varies with regard to developmental stage and intestinal segmentation","volume":"12","author":"JL Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013177.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres15030092","article-title":"Exploring Gut Microbiota in Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus): Effects on Pest Management, Pesticide Resistance, and Thermal Stress Tolerance","volume":"15","author":"OA Elkraly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2017.07.012","article-title":"The B vitamin nutrition of insects: the contributions of diet, microbiome and horizontally acquired genes","volume":"23","author":"AE Douglas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0593-4","article-title":"Capacity of mosquitoes to transmit malaria depends on larval environment","volume":"7","author":"LL Moller-Jacobs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13847","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70745-0","article-title":"The Anopheles coluzzii microbiome and its interaction with the intracellular parasite Wolbachia","volume":"10","author":"TJ Straub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20367-4","article-title":"Whole metagenome sequencing reveals links between mosquito microbiota and insecticide resistance in malaria vectors","volume":"8","author":"N Dada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112229","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1112229","article-title":"The application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in pathogen diagnosis: a bibliometric analysis based on Web of Science","volume":"13","author":"S He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013177.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013177.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions","volume":"38","author":"GM Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"23","key":"pntd.0013177.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013177.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080829","article-title":"Dengue: A Minireview","volume":"12","author":"H Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.12.019","article-title":"The mosquito microbiome includes habitat-specific but rare symbionts","volume":"20","author":"H Schrieke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596750","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.596750","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of the Gut Microbiota of Adult Mosquitoes From Eight Locations in Hainan, China","volume":"10","author":"X Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3036-9","article-title":"Mosquito microbiota cluster by host sampling location","volume":"11","author":"EJ Muturi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013177.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00899-8","article-title":"A natural symbiotic bacterium drives mosquito refractoriness to Plasmodium infection via secretion of an antimalarial lipase","volume":"6","author":"H Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013177.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05526.x","article-title":"Chikungunya virus impacts the diversity of symbiotic bacteria in mosquito vector","volume":"21","author":"K Zouache","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013177.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.12980","article-title":"Polysaccharide degradation by the Bacteroidetes: mechanisms and nomenclature","volume":"13","author":"LS McKee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013177.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00609-25","article-title":"Analysis of the tripartite interactions between two bacterial symbionts, a novel Solitalea-like bacterium (Bacteroidota) and Cardinium, and the stored product mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae based on gene expression data","volume":"13","author":"J Hubert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013177.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016309","article-title":"New perspectives on the ecology and evolution of siboglinid tubeworms","volume":"6","author":"A Hil\u00e1rio","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013177.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2005.00856.x","article-title":"Distribution, phylogenetic diversity and physiological characteristics of epsilon-Proteobacteria in a deep-sea hydrothermal field","volume":"7","author":"S Nakagawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013177.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000833","article-title":"The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in Aedes aegypti","volume":"6","author":"G Bian","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3936-3","article-title":"Wolbachia strain wAlbB blocks replication of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquito cell culture","volume":"13","author":"O Ekwudu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013177.ref025","first-page":"389","article-title":"Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia infection in common mosquito species in Henan Province","volume":"35","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827655","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.827655","article-title":"Fine-scale genetic structure and wolbachia infection of aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Nanjing city, China","volume":"13","author":"H-D Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05069-7","article-title":"Zika virus and temperature modulate Elizabethkingia anophelis in Aedes albopictus","volume":"14","author":"MG Onyango","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013177.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12381","article-title":"Exploring Anopheles gut bacteria for Plasmodium blocking activity","volume":"16","author":"AC Bahia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013177.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113539","article-title":"Klebsiella variicola is a frequent cause of bloodstream infection in the stockholm area, and associated with higher mortality compared to K. pneumoniae","volume":"9","author":"M Maatallah","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74033-9","article-title":"Spirochetes isolated from arthropods constitute a novel genus Entomospira genus novum within the order Spirochaetales","volume":"10","author":"L Gra\u00f1a-Miraglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2014.08.003","article-title":"Characterization of cellulolytic activity in the gut of the terrestrial land slug Arion ater: Biochemical identification of targets for intensive study","author":"R Joynson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013177.ref032","first-page":"1347","article-title":"Comparison of Gut Bacterial Communities of Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen) Reared on Different Food Plants","volume":"11","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-023-01586-2","article-title":"The gut symbiont Sphingomonas mediates imidacloprid resistance in the important agricultural insect pest Aphis gossypii Glover","volume":"21","author":"N Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013177.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.15470","article-title":"Positive Linkage in Bacterial Microbiota at the Plant-Insect Interface Benefits an Invasive Bark Beetle","volume":"48","author":"C Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013177.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.12.61","article-title":"Enterobacter cloacae complex: clinical impact and emerging antibiotic resistance","volume":"7","author":"ML Mezzatesta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref036","first-page":"59","article-title":"Population Biology and Comparative Genomics of Campylobacter Species","volume":"431","author":"L Epping","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2009.00828.x","article-title":"The Staphylococcus intermedius group of bacterial pathogens: species re-classification, pathogenesis and the emergence of meticillin resistance","volume":"20","author":"JR Fitzgerald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0013177.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01276","article-title":"Continent-Scale Sampling Reveals Fine-Scale Turnover in a Beneficial Bug Symbiont","volume":"11","author":"A Ravenscraft","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20545","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71507-y","article-title":"Characterization of the microbiome of Aedes albopictus populations in different habitats from Spain and S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9","volume":"14","author":"T Melo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013177.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.70027","article-title":"Mosquitoes Reared in Nearby Insectaries at the Same Institution Have Significantly Divergent Microbiomes","volume":"27","author":"LE Brettell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013177.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2023.114","article-title":"Dengue hemorrhagic fever: a growing global menace","volume":"21","author":"S Parveen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013177.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050969","article-title":"A Review on Chikungunya Virus Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Current Vaccine Development","volume":"14","author":"TYV de Lima Cavalcanti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013177.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108992","article-title":"Glucose-mediated proliferation of a gut commensal bacterium promotes Plasmodium infection by increasing mosquito midgut pH","volume":"35","author":"M Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013177.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.08.017","article-title":"Quorum sensing-activated phenylalanine metabolism drives OMV biogenesis to enhance mosquito commensal colonization resistance to Plasmodium","volume":"31","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013177","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T18:45:47Z","timestamp":1771440347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013177"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Clarence","family":"Mang'era","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}}}