{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T01:16:24Z","timestamp":1778980584378,"version":"3.51.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013198","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000}}],"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R35GM137934"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35GM137934"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Parasitic nematodes are major pathogens of humans, animals, and plants, contributing to global health challenges and substantial agricultural losses. Fatty acid- and retinol-binding proteins (FARs), secreted by parasitic nematodes, are believed to play key roles in host\u2013pathogen interactions, including immune modulation and nutrient acquisition. In this study, we characterize a FAR protein from the gastrointestinal nematode\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , Hp-FAR-2. Hp-FAR-2, unlike FARs from\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Steinernema carpocapsae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Ancylostoma ceylanicum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , did not influence immunity or survival in a\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Drosophila melanogaster<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    infection model, suggesting functional divergence within the FAR family. Competitive lipid-binding assays revealed a preference for omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, indicating selective binding to bioactive lipids that may modulate immunity. Using RAW 264.7 macrophages, we found that Hp-FAR-2 suppresses the expression of both M1-associated (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6) and M2-associated (Chil3) markers during polarization, implicating it as a broad immunomodulator that may inhibit inflammatory responses and tissue repair mechanisms to promote chronic infection. Our findings support a model in which Hp-FAR-2 disrupts host lipid signaling and immune function to favor parasite persistence, suggesting its potential role in the excretory\/secretory products of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>H. polygyrus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings enhance our understanding of FAR-mediated host manipulation and may inform the development of novel anthelmintic or immunoregulatory therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T17:34:10Z","timestamp":1760376850000},"page":"e0013198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characterization and ligand binding properties of a fatty acid- and retinol- binding protein (Hp-FAR-2) from Heligmosomoides polygyrus"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Pakeeza","family":"Azizpor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fayez","family":"Eyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manisha","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin J.","family":"Boulanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-4332","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adler R.","family":"Dillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013198.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2012.02.006","article-title":"Nematode infections: soil-transmitted helminths and trichinella","volume":"26","author":"S Knopp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013198.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00891.x","article-title":"Screening for immunomodulatory proteins of the intestinal parasitic nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus","volume":"28","author":"J 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