{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:46:08Z","timestamp":1784835968193,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013200","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000}}],"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec027\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Leprosy is an infectious neglected tropical disease that can result in chronic immune mediated nerve damage. When this involves the facial nerve, this can lead to lagophthalmos, with the later stages requiring surgical correction. If untreated lagophthalmos can cause keratopathies leading to visual impairment and eventual blindness. However, to date no paper has systematically reviewed the surgical management of lagophthalmos in those affected by leprosy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec028\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A systematic review was conducted on the 16\/11\/2024 with data from PubMed, Infolep, Web of Sciences Core Collection and Medline ALL. Data extraction and analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. Included were English-language studies on the outcomes of surgical procedures for the surgical management of lagophthalmos, regardless the year of publication.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec029\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The 12 papers identified contained data from seven countries. The majority of papers studied Temporalis Muscle transfer. Gillies technique or modifications of this technique were reported in five papers. Three papers reported modifications of Johnson\u2019s method of temporalis tendon transfer. One paper reported TMT using a silicone sling. Patients also received TMT using the Brown-McDonnell and the McCord-Cordner techniques. Lagophthalmos was also corrected using gold or steel weight implant techniques. One paper each studied lateral tarsal strip, modified tarsorrhaphy and scapha graft.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec030\">\n<jats:title>Discussion\/conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Treatment of lagophthalmos is vital to preserve vision in those affected by leprosy, however, it is important to take into consideration the practical advantages of the five broad techniques identified by this review. Factors such as the type of anaesthesia, level of expertise, success rate, incidence and risk of complications, and longevity and stability of the results, are vital to consider when conducting these surgical procedures in reduced resource settings. Therefore, operations which are more cost effective, show a reduced complication rate and yield better long-term results without complicated follow-up are more likely to be adopted in lower resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T17:39:32Z","timestamp":1750095572000},"page":"e0013200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Techniques for the surgical correction of lagophthalmos secondary to leprosy: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1475-9915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Willis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heynes","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essam","family":"Eltoukhy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Fastenau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013200.ref001","author":"WHO"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013200.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2011.09.006","article-title":"Nerve damage in leprosy: a continuing challenge to scientists, clinicians and service providers","volume":"4","author":"DN Lockwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013200.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.021","article-title":"Ocular manifestation in treated multibacillary Hansen\u2019s disease","volume":"116","author":"R Parikh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013200.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701984","article-title":"Prevention of blindness in leprosy and the role of the Vision 2020 Programme","volume":"19","author":"M Hogeweg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013200.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2014.07.003","article-title":"Ocular leprosy","volume":"33","author":"A Grzybowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013200.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008585","article-title":"Evaluation of ocular involvement in patients with Hansen\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"PD Pavezzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013200.ref007","volume-title":"Lagophthalmos. 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