{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T13:38:26Z","timestamp":1791898706070,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:italic>Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> var <jats:italic><jats:italic>capsulatum<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> is an endemic respiratory pathogen presenting in various forms including miliary histoplasmosis, acute and chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, and acute or subacute disseminated disease. The differential diagnosis of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis (CPH) is broad, encompassing bacterial, fungal and malignant aetiologies. PubMed was searched for relevant articles on the radiological characteristics of CPH and the most common differential diagnoses of tuberculosis and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. The Fleischner Society Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging was used to analyze the features. The contribution of culture, antibody and antigen and PCR to the diagnosis of CPH is summarized. Cavitation and pulmonary nodules are the most common features of CPH. Pleural effusion, pleural thickening, intrathoracic lymphadenopathy and bronchiectasis are not characteristic of CPH; uncommonly CPH can be complicated by an aspergilloma. Data on the radiologic features of CPH are derived primarily from the USA, Brazil, and China. CPH can be diagnosed by respiratory fungal culture (using extended culture times) or <jats:italic><jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PCR (although data are scarce) and serum <jats:italic><jats:italic>Histoplasma<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> antigen and antibody. Data on bronchoscopy sampling for antigen are lacking. In patients with pulmonary cavitation without a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis or aspergillosis should be evaluated for CPH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1754674578000},"page":"e0013219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Radiological features of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis: Easily mistaken for tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5626-2251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David W.","family":"Denning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebimpe","family":"Onikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello Mihailenko","family":"Chaves Magri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atisak","family":"Jiaranaikulwanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitor Falcao","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112800","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmosis associated with exploration of a bat cave","volume":"110","author":"R Lottenberg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref002","article-title":"Histoplasmosis diagnosed in Europe and Israel: a case report and systematic review of the literature from 2005 to 2020","volume":"7","author":"S Antinori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2023.12.016","article-title":"Frequency of fungal pathogens in autopsy studies of people who died with HIV in Africa: a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0175","article-title":"Histoplasma capsulatum: more widespread than previously thought","volume":"90","author":"S Antinori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698429","article-title":"Current concepts in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of histoplasmosis syndromes","volume":"41","author":"MM Azar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00467","article-title":"Timely diagnosis of histoplasmosis in non-endemic countries: a laboratory challenge","volume":"11","author":"MJ Buitrago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref007","first-page":"157","article-title":"Histoplasma capsulatum: mechanisms for pathogenesis","volume":"422","author":"J Mittal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Top Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref008","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmosis: a clinical update","volume":"9","author":"N Barros","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013219.ref009","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis and its clinical significance: an under-reported systemic fungal disease","volume":"8","author":"V Kandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-824898","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmosis syndromes: recognition, diagnosis, and management","volume":"25","author":"LJ Wheat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2071","article-title":"Histoplasmomas of uncommon size","volume":"143","author":"BW Richmond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref012","first-page":"39","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes in 303 HIV-infected patients with invasive fungal infections: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy Alliance registry, a multicenter, observational study","volume":"6","author":"T Marukutira","year":"2014","journal-title":"HIV AIDS (Auckl)"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa112","article-title":"A comparison of presentations and outcomes of histoplasmosis across patients with varying immune status","volume":"51","author":"AD Franklin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199011000-00004","article-title":"Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature","volume":"69","author":"LJ Wheat","year":"1990","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318144b1d9","article-title":"Redefining the clinical spectrum of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis: a retrospective case series of 46 patients","volume":"86","author":"CC Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197611000-00001","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"Jr Goodwin RA","year":"1976","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa119","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis\u2014a scoping literature review","volume":"7","author":"J Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-06","article-title":"Histoplasmosis: a clinical and laboratory update","volume":"20","author":"CA Kauffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(59)90347-X","article-title":"The course and prognosis of histoplasmosis","volume":"27","author":"H Rubin","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198407000-00002","article-title":"Cavitary histoplasmosis occurring during two large urban outbreaks. Analysis of clinical, epidemiologic, roentgenographic, and laboratory features","volume":"63","author":"LJ Wheat","year":"1984","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref021","first-page":"63","article-title":"Histoplasmosis mimicking primary lung cancer or pulmonary metastases","volume":"39","author":"AG Dall Bello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-197611000-00001","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"Jr Goodwin RA","year":"1976","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.199.2.8668768","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"199","author":"JW Gurney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.04.017","article-title":"Pulmonary fungal infection: imaging findings in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients","volume":"59","author":"S Chong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-021-00588-4","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"186","author":"AM Tob\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.232558","article-title":"Fleischner society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging","volume":"310","author":"AA Bankier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref027","first-page":"47","article-title":"Early chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"93","author":"RA Goodwin","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(60)90189-3","article-title":"Chronic active pulmonary histoplasmosis with cavitation. A clinical and laboratory study of thirteen cases","volume":"28","author":"DF Loewen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1953.00240220119015","article-title":"Active chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"92","author":"WD Sutliff","year":"1953","journal-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197007302830503","article-title":"Treatment of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"283","author":"JD Parker","year":"1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref031","first-page":"318","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis mimicking tuberculosis","volume":"31","author":"G Unis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12029","article-title":"Histoplasmosis: a new endemic fungal infection in China? Review and analysis of cases","volume":"56","author":"B Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013219.ref033","volume":"8","author":"C Sousa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2012.02.004","article-title":"Endemic mycoses: overlooked causes of community acquired pneumonia","volume":"106","author":"CA Hage","year":"2012","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carj.2018.12.006","article-title":"Many faces of thoracic histoplasmosis \u2013 pictorial essay","volume":"70","author":"A Semionov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref036","first-page":"47","article-title":"Early chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"93","author":"Jr Goodwin RA","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz327","article-title":"Histoplasmosis: time to redraw the map and up our game","volume":"70","author":"DS McKinsey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05054-w","article-title":"HIV patients dying on anti-tuberculosis treatment: are undiagnosed infections still a problem in French Guiana?","volume":"13","author":"M Nacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-015-0044-0","article-title":"Histoplasmosis infections worldwide: thinking outside of the Ohio River valley","volume":"2","author":"NC Bahr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00431-2","article-title":"Re-drawing the maps for endemic mycoses","volume":"185","author":"N Ashraf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref041","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","author":"DW Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref042","first-page":"609","article-title":"Chronic progressive (cavitary) histoplasmosis as a problem in tuberculosis sanatoriums","volume":"73","author":"ML FURCOLOW","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am Rev Tuberc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013219.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myad080","article-title":"Infection of bats with Histoplasma species","volume":"61","author":"HC Gugnani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2018.06.008","article-title":"Environmental and wilderness-related risk factors for histoplasmosis: more than bats in caves","volume":"29","author":"JH Diaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00583-2015","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: rationale and clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management","volume":"47","author":"DW Denning","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013219.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtldopen.24.0222","article-title":"Timing of recurrence after treatment of pulmonary TB","volume":"1","author":"CT Mithunage","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJTLD Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013219.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S1579-2129(08)60103-2","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis diagnosed in a nonimmunosuppressed patient 10 years after returning from an endemic area","volume":"44","author":"M Garc\u00eda-Marr\u00f3n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Bronconeumol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12150","article-title":"Fungal diseases mimicking primary lung cancer: radiologic\u2013pathologic correlation","volume":"57","author":"FF Gazzoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(02)00023-5","article-title":"FDG-PET imaging and the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer in a region of high histoplasmosis prevalence","volume":"36","author":"DR Croft","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref050","first-page":"90","article-title":"Pulmonary infections mimicking cancer: a retrospective, three-year review","volume":"5","author":"KV Rolston","year":"1997","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11170-9","article-title":"Diagnosis of histoplasmosis: current status and perspectives","volume":"105","author":"MA Toscanini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328306eb8d","article-title":"Diagnosis of histoplasmosis in immunosuppressed patients","volume":"21","author":"CA Kauffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02430-16","article-title":"Laboratory diagnostics for histoplasmosis","volume":"55","author":"MM Azar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref054","unstructured":"Global Action for Fungal Infections (GAFFI). Diagnostics for Fungal Disease in Africa: A GAFFI Survey. 2022 [cited 24 February 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/gaffi.org\/africa-diagnostic-reports-2\/."},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013219.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1086\/648421","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute pulmonary histoplasmosis by antigen detection","volume":"49","author":"S Swartzentruber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir435","article-title":"A multicenter evaluation of tests for diagnosis of histoplasmosis","volume":"53","author":"CA Hage","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-1702","article-title":"Diagnosis of histoplasmosis by antigen detection in BAL fluid","volume":"137","author":"CA Hage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref058","author":"R Merino-Alado","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1586\/ers.10.36","article-title":"Diagnosis of pulmonary histoplasmosis using antigen detection in the bronchoalveolar lavage","volume":"4","author":"CA Hage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1562899","article-title":"Histoplasmosis: up-to-date evidence-based approach to diagnosis and management","volume":"36","author":"CA Hage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00332-09","article-title":"Validation and clinical application of a molecular method for identification of Histoplasma capsulatum in human specimens in Colombia, South America","volume":"17","author":"C Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-013-0548-2","article-title":"Application of nested PCR for diagnosis of histoplasmosis","volume":"19","author":"H Ohno","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.06.010","article-title":"Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis jirovecii coinfection in hospitalized HIV and non-HIV patients from a tertiary care hospital in Mexico","volume":"86","author":"LE Carreto-Binaghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013219.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofac368","article-title":"Prevalence of histoplasmosis and molecular characterization of Histoplasma species in patients with presumptive pulmonary tuberculosis in Calabar, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"BE Ekeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2021.02.007","article-title":"Evaluation of a new Histoplasma spp. quantitative RT-PCR assay","volume":"23","author":"A Alanio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Diagn"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref066","first-page":"9","article-title":"Serodiagnosis of histoplasmosis","volume":"1","author":"SF Davies","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Respir Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref067","unstructured":"LIFE Worldwide. [cited 15 November 2024]. Available from: http:\/\/en.fungaleducation.org\/antibody-testing\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2023.106718","article-title":"The current state of laboratory mycology in Asia\/Pacific: a survey from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) and International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)","volume":"61","author":"J Salmanton-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1427-0","article-title":"Validation of western blot for Histoplasma capsulatum antibody detection assay","volume":"16","author":"A Almeida M d e","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013219.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/25.7.727","article-title":"The healed primary complex in histoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"M Straub","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013219.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1067","article-title":"Outbreak of severe histoplasmosis among tunnel workers \u2013 Dominican Republic, 2015","volume":"66","author":"PA Armstrong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000346","article-title":"Radiology of chronic cavitary infections","volume":"33","author":"L Ketai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(61)90153-X","article-title":"Cavitary histoplasmosis complicated by fungus ball","volume":"31","author":"J SCHWARZ","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013219.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0000000000000345","article-title":"Chronic cavitary infections other than tuberculosis: clinical aspects","volume":"33","author":"MR Holt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)41703-0","article-title":"The role and results of surgery in the management of chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis","volume":"68","author":"SB Saab","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040310010003","article-title":"Course and prognosis of untreated histoplasmosis. A United States Public Health Service Cooperative Mycoses Study","volume":"177","author":"ML Furcolow","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2016.1232861","article-title":"Chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis: a cause of \u201cdestroyed lung\u201d syndrome","volume":"49","author":"C Kosmidis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Lond)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00060-07","article-title":"Cavitary pulmonary disease","volume":"21","author":"LB Gadkowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.120.4.883","article-title":"Pleural thickening as a manifestation of Aspergillus superinfection","volume":"120","author":"HI Libshitz","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.3.253","article-title":"Topical treatment of life threatening haemoptysis from aspergillomas","volume":"51","author":"M Rumbak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013219.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10080529","article-title":"The association of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis with MDR-TB patients in Indonesia","volume":"10","author":"NN Soeroso","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0276-3","article-title":"Aspergillus nodules; another presentation of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"16","author":"EG Muldoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2021.100325","article-title":"Etiological profile and main imaging findings in patients with granulomatous diseases who underwent lung biopsy","volume":"8","author":"CV de Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref084","article-title":"Pulmonary histoplasmoma: a disguised malady","volume":"8","author":"PMPG de Matos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autops Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013219.ref085","first-page":"162","article-title":"Broncholithiasis produced by histoplasmosis","volume":"77","author":"GL Baum","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am Rev Tuberc"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref086","article-title":"Broncholithiasis: review of the causes with radiologic\u2013pathologic correlation","author":"JB Seo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013219.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.3.g01ma17737","article-title":"Fibrosing mediastinitis","volume":"21","author":"SE Rossi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013219.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00299-0","article-title":"Fibrotic phenotype of IgG4-related disease","volume":"6","author":"M Lanzillotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013219.ref089","article-title":"Management of histoplasmosis by infectious disease physicians","volume":"9","author":"PB Mazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013219.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1963.03700100049008","article-title":"Comparison of treated and untreated severe histoplasmosis: a communicable disease center cooperative mycoses study","volume":"183","author":"ML Furcolow","year":"1963","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013219.ref091","article-title":"Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: notes for a clinician in a resource-limited setting where there is no mycologist","volume":"6","author":"F Bongomin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Fungi (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013219.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae103","article-title":"Triazole antifungal drug interactions-practical considerations for excellent prescribing","volume":"79","author":"R Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"pntd.0013219.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae103","article-title":"Triazole antifungal drug interactions \u2013 practical considerations for excellent prescribing","volume":"79","author":"R Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013219.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1086\/313752","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis","volume":"30","author":"J Wheat","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013219.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202405-533OC","article-title":"A retrospective evaluation of the treatment effects of rituximab in patients with progressive and symptomatic fibrosing mediastinitis","volume":"21","author":"C Varghese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013219","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T17:36:29Z","timestamp":1754674589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013219"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Siddig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013219","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]}}}