{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:14:06Z","timestamp":1777644846556,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020619","name":"Universidad Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11-134-4-2023-0133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11-134-4-2023-0133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Alicante Health and Biomedical Research Institute","award":["2024-0181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-0181"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CM23\/00050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CM23\/00050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec020\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Strongyloidiasis is an important but underdiagnosed soil-transmitted helminthiasis, particularly in tropical areas and some vulnerable groups.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec021\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the parasitological prevalence, seroprevalence and sociodemographic factors of <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) in an endemic area.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional study of strongyloidiasis in 537 PLWH in two hospitals in Iquitos, Peru, from 20 Oct 2023 to 20 May 2024. We tested patient sera using Strongyloides IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and stool via the modified Baermann technique and\/or charcoal fecal culture as highly sensitive parasitological techniques. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify factors associated with <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec023\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among the 339 PLWH whose stool samples were collected, 82 were positive for <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic> (prevalence 24.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 20.0-29.1%). Among the 534 PLWH whose serum samples were collected, 227 were positive (seroprevalence: 42.5%; 95% CI 38.1-47.5%). The kappa value for charcoal culture and Baermann technique was 0.69. ELISA showed a sensitivity of 92.6% and a negative predictive value of 96.9%. Significant risk factors for stool positivity included living in a rural (unpaved) area (adjusted OR: 1.86), whereas significant risk factors for both stool and seropositivity included living in a poor house (made of wood\/leaves) (adjusted odds ratio (ORs): 2.18 and 2.48, respectively), in the Loreto Regional Hospital catchment area (adjusted ORs: 5.66 and 5.37, respectively), or being infected by hookworms in stool (adjusted ORs: 23.88 and 9.78, respectively). Having a low level of studies was associated with seropositivity (adjusted OR 2.42).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec024\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic> is high among PLWH in Iquitos, especially among those living in conditions of socioeconomic vulnerability or co-infected with hookworms. The negative predictive value of the <jats:italic>S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic> ELISA was high, although this result should be taken with caution in severe immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T17:33:22Z","timestamp":1752600802000},"page":"e0013231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis in people living with HIV: A critical health challenge in the Peruvian Amazon Basin"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7801-5072","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Silvia","family":"Otero-Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Casapia-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Pinedo-Cancino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyer","family":"Mego-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria-Ysabel","family":"Villacorta-Pezo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Parr\u00e1guez-de-la-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0350-8753","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eva H.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esperanza","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose-Manuel","family":"Ramos-Rincon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013231.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000834","article-title":"Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species","volume":"144","author":"TB Nutman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pntd.0013231.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f4610","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"347","author":"D Greaves","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013231.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060468","article-title":"The Global Prevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis Infection","volume":"9","author":"D Buonfrate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013231.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05763-8","article-title":"From past to present: opportunities and trends in the molecular detection and diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"16","author":"AHE Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013231.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-022-00528-z","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"200","author":"JM Czeresnia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"pntd.0013231.ref006","volume-title":"WHO guideline on preventive chemotherapy for public health control of strongyloidiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013231.ref007","author":"Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda, Prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Enfermedades","year":"2024","journal-title":"Situaci\u00f3n epidemiol\u00f3gica del VIH - Sida en el Per\u00fa"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013231.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in the Immunocompromised Population","volume":"17","author":"PB Keiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0013231.ref009","author":"M Vidal-Anzardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitosis intestinal: helmintos. 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