{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:40:34Z","timestamp":1790095234894,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013233","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ENDFUND","award":["KEN-004-AMR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEN-004-AMR"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mapping of schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is a critical step in understanding where at-risk populations live in order to effectively plan and target available resources and to achieve maximum impact on disease burden. A precision mapping protocol was developed and implemented in Kakamega, Bungoma, Trans Nzoia and Vihiga Counties in western Kenya by applying the current World Health Organization (WHO) mapping guideline at a lower administrative level (Ward).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cross-sectional surveys were conducted among school-age children (SAC) in 5 primary schools purposefully selected in each mapping unit (Ward). In each school, stool and urine samples were collected from 60 randomly selected children (ages 8\u201314 years). The prevalence and intensity of infection of <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic> and STH were determined using the Kato-Katz technique and urine filtration for <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>. Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) status were also recorded.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of the 46,464 children sampled, 3.2% (95% CI: 3.0-3.3) were infected with at least one <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> species, with <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> being the most predominant at 3.2% (95% CI: 2.9 - 3.3). 7.6% (95% CI: 7.3 \u2013 7.8) of children were infected with at least one STH species, with <jats:italic>A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic> being the most common (6.5%), and hookworm the least common (0.7%). The prevalence of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> was highest in Bungoma County (4.5%) and lowest in Trans Nzoia county (0.5%); STH prevalence was highest in Vihiga County (10.7%) and lowest in Trans Nzoia County (4.8%). SCH and STH infections were mainly of light intensity (2.2% and 5.6%, respectively). Based on sub-County-level data and prevalence threshold of \u22652% for MDA, 49 and 144 Wards required treatment for SCH and STH, respectively, whereas based on the Ward-level data, only 40 and 138 Wards required treatment for SCH and STH, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Use of Ward relative to sub-county prevalence revealed considerable spatial heterogeneity for SCH and STH and resulted in 14.5% and 0.8% reduction in the number of people treated for SCH and STH, respectively, underscoring the critical role of precision mapping in improved targeting of interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T17:56:07Z","timestamp":1753725367000},"page":"e0013233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Precision mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school-age children: Targeting interventions in western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-6485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stella","family":"Kepha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wyckliff","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice 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