{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:52:15Z","timestamp":1787532735471,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013258","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000}}],"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is transmitted by mosquitoes and circulates in Asia, the western Pacific, and other parts of the world. It is classified into five genotypes (GI\u2013GV) based on the nucleotide sequence of the envelope (E) gene. Despite extensive surveillance, shifts in genotype distribution and mosquito species remain underreported, particularly in the Republic of Korea.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a nationwide mosquito collection from 2017 to 2022, capturing 1,102,031 mosquitoes from 32 sites nationwide. The predominant species were <jats:italic>Aedes vexans<\/jats:italic> (34.2%), <jats:italic>Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic> (17.9%), <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic> (13.4%), <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic> (4.0%), and <jats:italic>Cx. orientalis<\/jats:italic> (0.6%). JEV was detected in 49 pools, with the majority from <jats:italic>Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>. Genetic analyses identified genotypes I, III, and V, with genotype V becoming dominant from 2020 onwards.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec017\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The emergence of genotype V as the dominant strain of the JEV, along with its detection in mosquito species other than the previously known <jats:italic>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus<\/jats:italic>, highlights the need for ongoing surveillance. These findings underscore the importance of developing vaccines effective against all JEV genotypes to mitigate public health risks.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T17:49:32Z","timestamp":1752774572000},"page":"e0013258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Genetic shifts of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mosquitoes in the Republic of Korea, 2017\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4925-7670","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo-Ram","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Young","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung-Eon","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sehoon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-3179","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongmi","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1636-0639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hee Il","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013258.ref001","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes in Taiwan during 2005-2012","volume":"8","author":"C-L Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013258.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000021","article-title":"Ocular Pathology: Role of Emerging Viruses in the Asia-Pacific Region-A Review","volume":"3","author":"R Ranjan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013258.ref003","first-page":"356","article-title":"Japanese B encephalitis in American soldiers in Korea","volume":"46","author":"AB Sabin","year":"1947","journal-title":"Am J Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013258.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01984","article-title":"Changes in age-specific seroprevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus and impact of Japanese encephalitis vaccine in Korea","volume":"65","author":"BO Kwak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Pediatr"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref005","first-page":"2295","article-title":"Laboratory-based diagnosis results of Japanese encephalitis in the Republic of Korea","volume":"15","author":"YJ Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Weekly Report"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref006","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Laboratory-based diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis in Korea","volume":"12","author":"H Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Weekly Report"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013258.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030317","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Virus Interaction with Mosquitoes: A Review of Vector Competence, Vector Capacity and Mosquito Immunity","volume":"11","author":"C Van den Eynde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-449","article-title":"Emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V in the Republic of Korea","volume":"8","author":"R Takhampunya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013258.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002153","article-title":"Circulation of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs and mosquito vectors within Can Tho city, Vietnam","volume":"7","author":"JF Lindahl","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref010","first-page":"362","article-title":"An ecological survey of mosquitoes and the distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Ishikawa prefecture, Japan, between 2010 and 2014. Jpn","volume":"70","author":"M Murakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640993","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.640993","article-title":"Monitoring Mosquito-Borne Arbovirus in Various Insect Regions in China in 2018","volume":"11","author":"Y Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013258.ref012","article-title":"Molecular detection and genotyping of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during a 2010 outbreak in the Republic of Korea","volume":"8","author":"H-J Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013258.ref013","article-title":"Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype V in Culex orientalis and Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) in Korea","volume":"10","author":"H Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-14-00206","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus in culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Republic of Korea, 2008\u20132010","volume":"180","author":"HC Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013258.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3267-9","article-title":"New strains of Japanese encephalitis virus circulating in Shanghai, China after a ten-year hiatus in local mosquito surveillance","volume":"12","author":"Y Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013258.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0407","article-title":"Surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes in Vietnam from 2006 to 2008","volume":"88","author":"R Kuwata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013258.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000258","article-title":"Epidemiological concordance of Japanese encephalitis virus infection among mosquito vectors, amplifying hosts and humans in India","volume":"141","author":"J Borah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013258.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.172829","article-title":"Entomological and serological investigation of Japanese encephalitis in endemic area of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India","volume":"52","author":"N Nyari","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013258.ref019","article-title":"Entomological investigation of Japanese encephalitis outbreak in Malkangiri district of Odisha state, India","volume":"113","author":"SS Sahu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013258.ref020","first-page":"9","article-title":"Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in Northern Taiwan between 1995 and 1996","volume":"32","author":"MH Weng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013258.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001678","article-title":"Ecological niche modeling to estimate the distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus in Asia","volume":"6","author":"RH Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013258.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0870","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates obtained from the Indonesian archipelago between 1974 and 1987","volume":"13","author":"AJ Schuh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"pntd.0013258.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5470","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16133","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis reveals Culex mosquito virome diversity and Japanese encephalitis genotype V in the Republic of Korea","volume":"30","author":"MA Sanborn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013258.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190977","article-title":"Genetic Characterization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype 5 Isolated from Patient, South Korea, 2015","volume":"26","author":"JH Woo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013258.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102085","article-title":"National Monitoring of Mosquito Populations and Molecular Analysis of Flavivirus in the Republic of Korea in 2020","volume":"9","author":"M-G Seo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref026","author":"KW Lee","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013258.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85411-2","article-title":"Temperate conditions restrict Japanese encephalitis virus infection to the mid-gut and prevents systemic dissemination in Culex pipiens mosquitoes","volume":"11","author":"AJ Folly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.04.001","article-title":"Culex pipiens and Culex torrentium populations from Central Europe are susceptible to West Nile virus infection","volume":"2","author":"M Leggewie","year":"2016","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013258.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.161082","article-title":"Culex pipiens and Aedes triseriatus Mosquito Susceptibility to Zika Virus","volume":"22","author":"MT Aliota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"35","key":"pntd.0013258.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30328","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.35.30328","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the susceptibility of Italian Culex pipiens mosquitoes to Zika virus infection","volume":"21","author":"D Boccolini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013258.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0865","article-title":"Transmission Incompetence of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens pipiens from North America for Zika Virus","volume":"96","author":"JL Kenney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013258.ref032","article-title":"Mosquitoes of Western Yunnan Province, China: seasonal abundance, diversity, and arbovirus associations","volume":"8","author":"H-L Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013258.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11091","article-title":"Japanese encephalitis virus in culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected at Daeseongdong, a village in the demilitarized zone of the Republic of Korea","volume":"48","author":"HC Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302101","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1302101","article-title":"Shift in dominant genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus and its impact on current vaccination strategies","volume":"14","author":"Q Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2291","article-title":"Changing geographic distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes, 1935-2017","volume":"19","author":"X Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013258.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005294","article-title":"European Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens Are Competent Vectors for Japanese Encephalitis Virus","volume":"11","author":"M de Wispelaere","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref037","first-page":"2216","article-title":"Laboratory-based diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis in Korea, 2017-2019","volume":"13","author":"E Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Weekly Report"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013258.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.5.3091-3098.2003","article-title":"Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in southeast Asia","volume":"77","author":"T Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013258.ref039","article-title":"Virulence and Cross-Protection Conferred by an Attenuated Genotype I-Based Chimeric Japanese Encephalitis Virus Strain Harboring the E Protein of Genotype V in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Q Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref040","article-title":"Genotype III-based Japanese encephalitis vaccines exhibit diminished neutralizing response to reemerging genotype V","author":"AR Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013258.ref041","article-title":"Genotype v Japanese encephalitis virus is emerging","volume":"5","author":"M-H Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013258.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13080705","article-title":"Japanese Encephalitis Virus Surveillance in U.S. Army Installations in the Republic of Korea from 2021 to 2023","volume":"13","author":"P Lado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013258.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.190235","article-title":"Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Japan and Southeast Asia, 2016-2018","volume":"26","author":"R Kuwata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013258.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292693","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1292693","article-title":"The reemerging and outbreak of genotypes 4 and 5 of Japanese encephalitis virus","volume":"13","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013258","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T17:48:17Z","timestamp":1753379297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013258"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gordana","family":"Rasic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013258","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013258","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]]}}}