{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:37:38Z","timestamp":1780670258869,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013278","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000}}],"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The plague, caused by <jats:italic><jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, remains a critical public health issue, particularly in endemic regions like Madagascar. Rapid and accurate detection of this pathogen is essential for effective outbreak management and timely intervention. Following the urban plague outbreak of 2017, a new molecular diagnostic algorithm was developed and introduced into routine use. However, certain cases required combining real-time and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. While effective, this approach often delayed obtaining conclusive results, an issue that can hinder swift outbreak responses. The aim of this study is to design and optimize a three-target real-time PCR assay (qPCR) for the detection of <jats:italic><jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> in clinical samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The assay targeted three genes: <jats:italic><jats:italic>caf1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>pla<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic><jats:italic>yopM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, located on the plasmids pMT1, pPCP1, and pCD1, respectively. Conducted at the Institut Pasteur de Madagascar (IPM), the study evaluated the assay using both pure bacterial cultures and clinical samples, including 50 bubonic aspirates and 50 respiratory specimens.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Using bacteriology technique as the reference standard, the triplex qPCR demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% (89\u2013100%) and a specificity of 82%. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 73% and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 100% (91\u2013100%). The coefficient of agreement kappa was 0.74, with a p-value of &lt;0.0001.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Notably, the new assay resolved 100% of previously inconclusive cases from the duplex qPCR test targeting only <jats:italic><jats:italic>pla<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic><jats:italic>caf1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>While a new plague diagnostic algorithm has been set up after the outbreak in 2017, the present study suggests a real-time PCR assay based on three genes to improve the speed and accuracy of plague diagnostic. Furthermore, this new technique is a valuable tool for managing plague outbreaks and supporting field diagnostics not only in Madagascar but also in countries with plague.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The developed triplex assay to molecularly diagnose <jats:italic><jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> in human samples improves the standard already in place and allows to resolve ambiguities previously associated with inconclusive results from duplex qPCR tests, thereby reinforcing the reliability and accuracy of this new technique. Implementing this new method into routine will enable a faster, more effective response to plague outbreaks by reducing the time needed to confirm plague cases and limiting the spread of the diseases. This new technique is also flexible and can be undertaken close to human cases with adequate biosecurity and biosafety measures.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T17:43:31Z","timestamp":1753379011000},"page":"e0013278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development and evaluation of a triplex real-time PCR assay for enhanced plague diagnostics in Madagascar"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8838-949X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Beza","family":"Ramasindrazana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zo\u00e9 A.","family":"Rahalison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillain","family":"Mikaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaina I.","family":"Bodoarison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanto A.","family":"Maminirina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soloandry","family":"Rahajandraibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamy G.","family":"Randriamanantsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Kayoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Manuguerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Le Guern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andriamiliharison J.","family":"Rasamindrakotroka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoarisoa","family":"Rajerison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7370","key":"pntd.0013278.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10549","article-title":"A draft genome of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death","volume":"478","author":"KI Bos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pntd.0013278.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337","article-title":"Natural history of plague: perspectives from more than a century of research","volume":"50","author":"KL Gage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0013278.ref003","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Yersinia pestis in its flea vector, Xenopsylla cheopis","author":"D Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res Sq"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013278.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00044-19","article-title":"Yersinia pestis: the natural history of plague","volume":"34","author":"R Barbieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0013278.ref005","article-title":"Plague manual\u2014epidemiology, distribution, surveillance and control","author":"D Dennis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Relev\u00e9 \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique Hebdomadaire"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013278.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis--etiologic agent of plague","volume":"10","author":"RD Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"9568","key":"pntd.0013278.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60566-2","article-title":"Plague","volume":"369","author":"MB Prentice","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013278.ref008","first-page":"59","article-title":"Plague studies. 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