{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:07:40Z","timestamp":1790878060821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI149527"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI149527"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7400716174580839"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7400716174580839"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minas Gerais State Research Support Foundation","award":["APQ-04458-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ-04458-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neglected tropical diseases are often co-endemic in affected areas but how they interact is less clear, especially in the case of Hansen\u2019s Disease (HD), commonly referred to as leprosy. Prior studies have demonstrated associations between helminths and HD and tuberculosis, but our understanding of the epidemiology of these infections is limited. Our goal was to assess the prevalence and potential associations of\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and parasitic infections in a sample of community members in a highly endemic area for HD in Minas Gerais, Brazil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adults and children ages 3 years and older were enrolled from communities in Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and nearby municipalities. Questionnaires on demographics and infection history were administered. Serological reactivity against\n                      <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was assessed by multiplexed bead assay (MBA). Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate statistics were performed to describe the outcomes and potential associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 1,311 participants, 72 (5.5%) reported a prior history of HD, 94 (7.2%) tested positive for anti-LID-1, 836 (63.8%) reported having one or more parasitic diseases in the past, 153 (11.7%) tested positive for antibodies to schistosoma egg antigen (SEA), and 69 (5.3%) for antibodies to the\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigen, NIE. Rural residence and anti-LID-1 showed a positive association (aOR 1.79, CI: 1.07- 3.38) as did rural residence and history of HD (aOR, 1.97, CI: 1.14 \u2013 3.38). While not statistically significant, there was a positive association between anti-LID-1 and NIE antibodies (aOR 1.57, CI: 0.69-3.57), and a negative association between anti-LID-1 and SEA antibodies (aOR 0.79, CI: 0.38 - 1.61).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We simultaneously measured seroreactivity among various pathogens. While we did not find that a history of HD and anti-LID-1 positivity were associated with seropositivity to NIE or SEA, our study found a high burden of several neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). There was also a strong association with rural residence and LID-1 positivity warranting investigation into the prevalence and epidemiology of\n                      <jats:italic>M. leprae<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, as well as potential spatial and environmental risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:42:53Z","timestamp":1790876573000},"page":"e0013285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mycobacterium leprae infection, Hansen\u2019s disease, and helminth infections: A cross-sectional study in southeastern Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Audra","family":"Bass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heloine","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa of Multic\u00eantrico de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular\/PMBqBM, Universidade Federal de Juiz De Fora-Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"]},{"name":"Universidade Vale do Rio Doce (UNIVALE), Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"],"department":["Department of Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena B. P.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Vale do Rio Doce (UNIVALE), Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"],"department":["Department of Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Nedell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"],"department":["Hubert Department of Global Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mar\u00e7al","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Vale do Rio Doce (UNIVALE), Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"],"department":["Department of Health"]},{"name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"],"department":["Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Clennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Environmental Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolism and Lipids, Emory University School of Medicine","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica Magueta","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa of Multic\u00eantrico de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular\/PMBqBM, Universidade Federal de Juiz De Fora-Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa P.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa of Multic\u00eantrico de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular\/PMBqBM, Universidade Federal de Juiz De Fora-Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos D. S.","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa of Multic\u00eantrico de Bioqu\u00edmica e Biologia Molecular\/PMBqBM, Universidade Federal de Juiz De Fora-Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"]},{"name":"Centro de Refer\u00eancia em Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas e Programas Especiais, Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre C.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Refer\u00eancia em Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas e Programas Especiais, Governador Valadares","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unifenas Universidade, Belo Horizonte","place":["Minas Gerais, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Waller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins School of Public health, Emory University","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia A. 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