{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:56:09Z","timestamp":1788263769675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013323","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFE0107300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0107300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFD1802400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1802400"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC32230104, 32373032 and 82201959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC32230104, 32373032 and 82201959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and technology talents and platform plan of Yunnan province","award":["Academician and Expert Workstation, 202305AF150167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Academician and Expert Workstation, 202305AF150167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichinellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic parasitic disease. The <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic> infective larvae migrate through the intestine after ingestion and settle in muscles, thus intestinal mucosal immunity plays a vital role against early infection with <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic>. In this study, a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing the cysteine protease inhibitor of <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic> (rAd5<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>CLP) was constructed and combined with the recombinant protein r<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>CLP in a heterologous prime-boost regimen. The regimen elicits strong, specific, and neutralizing antibodies in BALB\/c mice, significantly enhancing cellular immunity through Th1 (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1) and Th2 (IL-13, IL-4) cytokine production in the peripheral blood, spleen, and cervical lymph nodes, driven by the activation of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cells. Notably, immunization with rAd5<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>CLP:r<jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>CLP elevated mucosal secretory IgA (sIgA) levels, boosted histamine concentrations, and increased goblet cell numbers in the intestinal epithelium. Vaccinated mice showed a significant 61.17% reduction in adult worms and a 58.22% reduction in muscle larvae after the <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic> challenge. The adenovirus vector-delivered <jats:italic>Ts<\/jats:italic>CLP amplifies local mucosal immunity, eliciting a Th1\/Th2 mixed immune response that facilitates the expulsion of <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>. Our study provides a feasible and promising approach for <jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic> vaccines, further highlighting the potential of an adenovirus vector for anti-helminth vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T17:42:46Z","timestamp":1752687766000},"page":"e0013323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Heterologous prime-boost immunization based on a human adenovirus 5 vectored containing Trichinella spiralis Cystatin-like protein elicits protective mucosal immunity in 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