{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:40:27Z","timestamp":1791589227677,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the most significant lactic acid bacteria genera is <jats:italic><jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, which is known to generate compounds such as bacteriocins that can stop the growth of harmful bacteria. The current study investigated the protective and therapeutic effects of two novel probiotic strains, <jats:italic><jats:italic>Lactobacillus brevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PQ214320, and <jats:italic><jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PQ198038, on parasitological, histopathological, and immunological responses in mice infected with <jats:italic><jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>. A total of 120 mice were divided into six groups, including a positive control group (C) which was infected with <jats:italic><jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> infection and not treated, mice treated orally with albendazole (ALB) at a dose of 5 mg\/kg bw for 3 days after infection, and mice treated with probiotics (10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup> Colony-Forming Unit (CFU)\/mL\/animal, in 100 \u00b5L of Ringer\u2019s solution) either pre- and post-infection with <jats:italic>L. brevis<\/jats:italic> PQ214320 (LP) or <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> PQ198038 (BSP), or only post-infection with <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. brevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PQ214320 (L) and <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> PQ198038 (BS). Infection was induced by oral inoculation of 400 <jats:italic><jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> larvae. Parasite burden and, histopathological, and immune responses were assessed at 5 and 19 days post-infection. The results showed that the LP group had significantly reduced adult worm and muscle larval counts compared with the positive control group. In contrast, BSP reduced the parasite burden, but to a lesser extent. The immune response was characterized by elevated levels of IL 12 and IFN-\u03b3 in the LP group at 5 days -post-infection (dpi), indicating a strong Th1 response, which declined but remained significantly higher than in the control infected group at 19 dpi. Serum IgG responses were higher in the LP group at 19 dpi, suggesting that a more robust adaptive immune response was triggered by <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. brevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>. Pre- and post-treatment with <jats:italic><jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PQ198038 and <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. brevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PQ214320 significantly improved the histopathological abnormalities and collagen deposition in the small intestinal and diaphragm muscular tissues caused <jats:italic><jats:italic>Trichinella<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> infection and restored claudin 1 content in the same tissues. These findings suggest that <jats:italic><jats:italic>L. brevis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PQ214320 offers a stronger protective effect against <jats:italic><jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> infection, potentially through enhanced immune modulation and parasite reduction, whereas <jats:italic><jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> PQ198038 provides beneficial but less potent responses. This study highlights the potential of novel probiotics strains as adjunct protective agents and therapies against <jats:italic><jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T17:45:01Z","timestamp":1754934301000},"page":"e0013331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Protective and therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus brevis PQ214320 and Bacillus subtilis PQ198038 Against experimental Trichinella Infection"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7045-9157","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eman E.","family":"El Shanawany","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Abdel-Razik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amany Ebrahim","family":"Nofal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabab S.","family":"Zalat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faten","family":"Abouelmagd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013331.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1515\/helm-2017-0002","article-title":"Molecular identification of Trichinella isolates from wildlife animals of the Russian Arctic territories","volume":"54","author":"K Go\u017adzik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"pntd.0013331.ref002","volume-title":"Trichinella and trichinellosis","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2021"},{"key":"pntd.0013331.ref003","volume-title":"Multicriteria-based ranking for risk management of food-borne parasites: report of a Joint FAO","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"pntd.0013331.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.07.002","article-title":"World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans","volume":"149","author":"E Pozio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0013331.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1782-8","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Helminth Infections and their Impact on Global Public Health. 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