{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1787021828122,"version":"build-2736575974"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013340","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000}}],"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008459","name":"University of Calgary","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008459","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GLB 192241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GLB 192241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EC\/825746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC\/825746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EC\/101137283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC\/101137283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DeZi Network: 316633\/Z\/24\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DeZi Network: 316633\/Z\/24\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["451956976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451956976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oropouche virus (OROV) is an emerging arbovirus primarily transmitted by biting midges and is increasingly recognized as a public health threat in Central and South America. With over 11,000 confirmed cases reported in 2024, a ten-fold increase from the previous year, its transmission dynamics and true burden remain poorly understood due to diagnostic challenges and fragmented surveillance systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) synthesizes OROV prevalence data in humans and summarizes the available data for vectors and animal hosts sampled between 2000 and 2024 to provide updated estimates and identify key surveillance gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Medline, and LILACS for OROV seroprevalence and viral prevalence studies in human, insect, and animal populations, published up to September 12, 2024. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024551000). Studies were extracted in duplicate, and data were meta-analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models. Risk of bias was appraised using a modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 71 articles reporting serological or viral prevalence of OROV across nine countries. Between 2000\u20132024, pooled human seroprevalence among individuals with febrile illness or suspected of Oropouche infection was 12.6% [95% CI 5.3-26.9%] across four South American countries and seroprevalence of 1.1% [95% CI 0.5-2.3%] was observed in asymptomatic groups. Viral prevalence among individuals with febrile illness or suspected of Oropouche infection was 1.5% [0.8-3.0%] across seven South American countries and Haiti. Most studies used convenience sampling and RT-PCR or hemagglutination assays. In vector populations, positive OROV prevalence in\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was reported in two of 18 sources, while 10.0% and 7.5% animal host prevalence was reported in dogs and cattle, respectively. We found high risk of bias in 11.3% of studies in our critical appraisal, with most animal, human, and vector studies falling in the moderate risk of bias range.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite rising numbers of OROV reported cases, prevalence estimates remain limited by sparse surveillance and variable methodology. This review highlights the urgent need for standardized serological assays, community-based studies, and expanded surveillance in animal and vector reservoirs. A One Health approach is essential to monitor OROV transmission and inform regional preparedness efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T18:51:21Z","timestamp":1767034281000},"page":"e0013340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serological and viral prevalence of Oropouche virus (OROV): A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000\u20132024 including human, animal, and vector surveillance studies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Emilie","family":"Toews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabah","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaila","family":"Akter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caseng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anabel","family":"Selemon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul K.","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Bobrovitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jaenisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4895-9304","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mairead G.","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013340.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2024.101243","article-title":"Surging Oropouche virus (OROV) cases in the Americas: A public health challenge","volume":"59","author":"RK Mohapatra","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0013340.ref002","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Overview of Oropouche Virus Disease. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/oropouche\/hcp\/clinical-overview\/index.html 2025 November 4."},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013340.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091435","article-title":"Oropouche Virus (OROV) in Pregnancy: An Emerging Cause of Placental and Fetal Infection Associated with Stillbirth and Microcephaly following Vertical Transmission","volume":"16","author":"DA Schwartz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013340.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040492","article-title":"Oropouche orthobunyavirus in Urban Mosquitoes: Vector Competence, Coinfection, and Immune System Activation in Aedes aegypti","volume":"17","author":"SF de Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0013340.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199318","article-title":"Oropouche virus: A neglected global arboviral threat","volume":"341","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013340.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-024-00104-w","article-title":"Exposure of domestic animals to Mayaro and Oropouche viruses in urban and peri-urban areas of West-Central Brazil","volume":"6","author":"HG Dias","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health Outlook"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013340.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0120","article-title":"Arbovirus antibody seroprevalence in the human population from Cauca, Colombia","volume":"107","author":"J Gil-Mora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013340.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105155","article-title":"Arbovirus outbreak in a rural region of the Brazilian Amazon","author":"VL Carvalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013340.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00110-0","article-title":"The spatiotemporal ecology of Oropouche virus across Latin America: a multidisciplinary, laboratory-based, modelling study","volume":"25","author":"C Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013340.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2136536","article-title":"Oropouche virus as an emerging cause of acute febrile illness in Colombia","volume":"11","author":"KA Ciuoderis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013340.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.11.013","article-title":"Oropouche fever, an emergent disease from the Americas","volume":"20","author":"D Romero-Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013340.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030143","article-title":"Observational Characterization of the Ecological and Environmental Features Associated with the Presence of Oropouche Virus and the Primary Vector Culicoides paraenesis: Data Synthesis and Systematic Review","volume":"6","author":"CES Walsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013340.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091498","article-title":"(Re-)Emergence of Oropouche Virus (OROV) Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"16","author":"M Ricc\u00f2","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013340.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00740-5","article-title":"Emergence of Oropouche fever in Latin America: a narrative review","volume":"24","author":"KM Wesselmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013340.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00585-1","article-title":"ArboTracker: a multipathogen dashboard and data platform for arbovirus seroprevalence studies","volume":"24","author":"MG Whelan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013340.ref016","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. 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