{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T22:59:08Z","timestamp":1792277948862,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008688","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00c3\u00b3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00c3\u00a9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008688","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00c3\u00b3n y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Polit\u00c3\u00a9cnico Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> is a highly adaptable intracellular parasite capable of infecting a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Following the ingestion of cysts and oocysts, the parasites rapidly emerge and transmigrate through the bloodstream, initiating a complex infection process. Despite reports on the parasite\u2019s dissemination, the mechanisms behind its migration remain unclear. Recent advances using innovative 3D models and various host systems are beginning to shed light on the migratory routes and strategies employed by <jats:italic><jats:italic>T. gondii.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> This review compiles current knowledge on the migration and dissemination of <jats:italic><jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, from its initial interactions in the gut to its invasion of immune-privileged organs. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of how <jats:italic><jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> establishes its infection crossing the most impermeable biological barriers within the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T17:43:48Z","timestamp":1753983828000},"page":"e0013369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comprehensive analysis of Toxoplasma gondii migration routes and tissue dissemination in the host"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-3499","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Flores","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Mondrag\u00f3n-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013369.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"39","author":"G Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013369.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01994-9","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: A review of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches","volume":"42","author":"D Kalogeropoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013369.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006351","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: Entry, association, and physiological influence on the central nervous system","volume":"13","author":"OA Mendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013369.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1987.48.03.352","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii cysts in placentas of experimentally infected sheep","volume":"48","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013369.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(86)80021-5","article-title":"The ultrastructural pathology of congenital murine toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. 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