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One promising approach involves deploying <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> with the endosymbiotic bacterium <jats:italic>Wolbachia pipientis<\/jats:italic> to disrupt arbovirus transmission within endemic urban environments. The release program of mosquitoes with the <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\u2019s <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel strain started in August 2017 in 6.88% of the city area of Rio de Janeiro, where 13.1% of the city\u2019s population live (~890,000 inhabitants). The deployment of <jats:italic>Wolbachia w<\/jats:italic>Mel strain in Rio finished in December 2019 with a suboptimal 32% introgression of <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel strain, which coincided with a 38% and 10% reduction of dengue and chikungunya, respectively. We conducted an independent evaluation during 20 consecutive months to evaluate whether the <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel distribution and frequency would expand or retract. More than 50,000 mosquitoes were sampled in 12 neighborhoods with estimated 500,000 inhabitants, of which 39.2% were <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>. In total, 7,613 of 19,427 collected <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic> were screened individually for <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel. Climate, environmental and insecticide application data was used to model the spatiotemporal introgression of <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel. The routine insecticide rotation adopted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health caused the crash of both <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel-infected and -uninfected populations shortly after an increase in coverage with spinosad. However, the <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel-uninfected mosquitoes recovered soon to levels even higher than before, whereas the <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel-infected failed to recover after the population crash. The well documented fitness cost of <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel in egg hatching leads to the absence of an egg bank necessary to recover after adult population was disrupted. Finally, we observed the mtDNA haplotype associated with released <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> at a frequency of ~25% in field-caught uninfected mosquitoes. The reason underlying the poor introgression of <jats:italic>Wolbachia w<\/jats:italic>Mel strain is multifold. The adoption of an effective larvicide that crashed both <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel-infected and -uninfected populations, the absence of an egg bank due to high fitness cost of egg hatching in the <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Mel-infected mosquitoes, a suboptimal <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> invasion before the intervention, and <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> loss synergically contributed to the lower invasion and, by corollary, modest epidemiological outcome in Rio de Janeiro. Our results highlight the need to plan and implement technical guidance on Integrated Vector Management in Brazil prior and during the nationwide release of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>-infected mosquitoes to optimize dengue mitigation efforts while ensuring the judicious use of resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T17:47:06Z","timestamp":1753292826000},"page":"e0013372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The long-term persistence of the wMel strain in Rio de Janeiro is threatened by poor integrated vector management and bacterium fitness cost on Aedes aegypti"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rcio Galv\u00e3o","family":"Pavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck 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