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In the municipality of Sumidouro, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a low-endemic area for\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      , water rats (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:italic>Nectomys squamipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ) are naturally infected by this trematode. The\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      populations infecting humans and water-rats in Sumidouro exhibit distinct patterns of cercarial emergence (chronotypes) and phenotypic differences between hosts. Previous studies have shown that the adaptation of\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      populations to human hosts (diurnal chronotype) and water rats (nocturnal chronotype) could result in prezygotic isolation. To test this hypothesis, we employed the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (MT-CO1) and microsatellite loci as genetic markers.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We assessed the population structure between the definitive host species and geographically distant isolates collected from two endemic localities (Pamparr\u00e3o\u2013PAM and Encanto-Soledade\u2013ENC-SOL) in Sumidouro. Additionally, we evaluated the phylogenetic relationships between\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      from Sumidouro and those from other countries. Five haplotypes of the MT-CO1 gene were identified, with haplotypes 3 and 4 exclusive to ENC-SOL, and haplotypes 1, 2, and 3 were shared between humans and water rats. Haplotype 1 was also shared with other Brazilian localities, South American countries and a single locality in West Africa. The remaining haplotypes were exclusive to Sumidouro, indicating local genetic diversity. Population structure analysis revealed no genetic differentiation associated with host species but rather geographical structuring, probably due to the sedentary habits of rodents and the limited movement of humans between localities. This finding indicates that\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      populations with different chronotypes are not genetically isolated and that significant gene flow occurs between them.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In conclusion, our findings confirm that wild rodents contribute to the maintenance of the\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      life cycle in Sumidouro and can serve as indicators of local transmission hotspots.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T17:26:27Z","timestamp":1754933187000},"page":"e0013379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genetic analysis of Schistosoma mansoni in a low-transmission area in Brazil suggests population sharing between wild-hosts and humans and geographical isolation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Karina","family":"Varella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3275-2648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto do Val","family":"Vilela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvana Carvalho","family":"Thiengo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"dos Santos Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Roberto","family":"Machado-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago dos Santos","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3crates Fraga","family":"da Costa-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz de Lima Alessio","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Araujo Cunha","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Maldonado Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013379.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000539","article-title":"The neglected tropical diseases and their devastating health and economic impact on the member nations of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013379.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18616-6_3","article-title":"Schistosomiasis.","volume-title":"Digenetic Trematodes","author":"PT. 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