{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:18:32Z","timestamp":1788373112009,"version":"build-2803163510"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013431","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) remains an important public health challenge in endemic settings, and mathematical transmission models are widely used to evaluate STH transmission and control strategies. However, no systematic review has comprehensively classified STH transmission models according to their biological and structural characteristics and intervention designs while examining the operational incorporation of World Health Organization (WHO) roadmap targets and projected timelines. This review therefore aimed to classify STH transmission models and interventions and examine the operational incorporation of WHO roadmap targets and projected timelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase for English-language studies published between January 2015 and December 2024. Five reviewers participated in screening and data extraction. Models were classified by transmission unit, mathematical framework, and population structure, and interventions by strategy, delivery platform, target population, and treatment regimen. WHO alignment was classified as explicit or implicit against the 2011\u20132020 and 2021\u20132030 roadmaps using pre-defined criteria. Projected timelines were extracted, and methodological quality was assessed using the Assessment of Modelling Studies tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-two studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Parasite-based (69%), age-structured (67%), and deterministic (62%) formulations were frequently represented than host-based (31%), homogeneous (33%), and stochastic (38%) formulations, respectively. Preventive chemotherapy was the most frequently modelled intervention strategy (81%), whereas integrated strategies represented 19%. Thirty-three studies (79%) aligned with at least one WHO roadmap objective, including 12 (29%) explicitly and 21 (50%) implicitly aligned studies. Fourteen studies (33%) reported projected timelines for WHO-relevant outcomes. External validation was reported in 14% of studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature was predominantly characterised by parasite-based, age-structured, and deterministic formulations, with preventive chemotherapy forming the principal intervention focus. Integrated strategies were less represented. Projected timelines and external validation were also infrequently reported. Models addressing programme planning or policy evaluation could benefit from relevant integrated interventions, projected timelines, and external validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:43:46Z","timestamp":1787939026000},"page":"e0013431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A systematic review of mathematical models for soil-transmitted helminthiasis control strategies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2794-133X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lemjini","family":"Masandawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computational and Communication Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology","place":["Arusha, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miracle","family":"Amadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology","place":["Lappeenranta, Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isambi S.","family":"Mbalawata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) Research and Innovation Centre (RIC), NEI Global Secretariat","place":["Kigali, Rwanda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safari","family":"Kinung\u2019hi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Centre","place":["Mwanza, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silas S.","family":"Mirau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computational and Communication Science and Engineering, The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology","place":["Arusha, Tanzania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013431.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-023-00701-1","article-title":"Why Are We Still a Worm World in the 2020s? 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Guideline: preventive chemotherapy to control soil-transmitted helminth infections in at-risk population groups. WHO Guidelines. 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