{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T03:49:01Z","timestamp":1781322541126,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of <jats:italic><jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> is a major global health concern that limits treatment options and complicates disease management. Efflux pump systems and resistance genes are key to bacteria\u2019s ability to evade antibiotics. This study examined the genetic and phenotypic resistance landscape using a large dataset of whole-genome sequences to identify key resistance mechanisms, assess efflux pump gene prevalence, and analyze regional variations in Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values to inform treatment strategies and public health interventions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 38,585 whole-genome sequences of <jats:italic><jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> were analyzed to identify AMR determinants. This study focused on the presence and distribution of efflux pump genes (<jats:italic><jats:italic>mtrC<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>farB<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>norM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic><jats:italic>mtrA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>) and specific resistance genes, including <jats:italic><jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>(C) (tetracycline resistance) and <jats:italic><jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>ph<\/jats:italic>(<jats:italic>3\u2019<\/jats:italic>)-<jats:italic>I<jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> (aminoglycoside resistance). The MIC values were assessed for multiple antibiotics to evaluate resistance trends and regional variations, including penicillin, spectinomycin, zoliflodacin, gentamicin, and fluoroquinolones.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This analysis revealed widespread resistance to multiple antibiotics. Efflux pump genes (<jats:italic><jats:italic>mtrC<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>farB<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic><jats:italic>norM<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic><jats:italic>mtrA<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>) were found in nearly all isolates, highlighting their essential roles in resistance and adaptation. The presence of <jats:italic><jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>(C) and <jats:italic><jats:italic>a<\/jats:italic>ph<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>3\u2019<\/jats:italic>)-<jats:italic>Ia<\/jats:italic> varied across different Gene Presence Patterns, suggesting that regional or therapeutic factors may influence tetracycline and aminoglycoside resistance. High MIC values for penicillin were observed, likely because of <jats:italic><jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>, a beta-lactamase gene responsible for beta-lactam resistance. Resistance to spectinomycin is also widespread, raising concerns about the diminishing efficacy of this antibiotic. In contrast, zoliflodacin, gentamicin, and fluoroquinolones exhibited relatively low MIC values, indicating their sustained effectiveness against <jats:italic><jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Efflux pump systems are key to <jats:italic><jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> resistance and adaptability. Regional MIC variations indicate that local antibiotic use shapes resistance patterns. The high resistance to penicillin and spectinomycin highlights the need for alternative treatments, whereas zoliflodacin and fluoroquinolones remain effective but require monitoring. This study emphasizes global AMR surveillance, novel therapies, and targeted antimicrobial stewardship to address multidrug-resistant infections.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T17:34:53Z","timestamp":1759772093000},"page":"e0013505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Global genomic and antimicrobial resistance profiling of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Insights from whole genome sequencing and minimum inhibitory concentration 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