{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:27:43Z","timestamp":1791779263232,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013535","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000}}],"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["WBS2023_PNRRMUR_PERNO"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WBS2023_PNRRMUR_PERNO"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU\u2013MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cordylobia anthropophaga,<\/jats:italic>\n                    commonly known as the\n                    <jats:italic>tumbu<\/jats:italic>\n                    fly, is a leading cause of cutaneous myiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. This condition is characterized by a papulopustular lesion that evolves in a painful boil-like nodule with central ulceration. Human infestations typically occur on covered body parts, due to the fly\u2019s habit of laying eggs on damp clothing. This report describes the first cluster of three pediatric cases of furuncular myiasis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>C. anthropophaga<\/jats:italic>\n                    , diagnosed at the Bambino Ges\u00f9 Children\u2019s Hospital (Rome, Italy) between April 2024 and April 2025. All patients had recent travel history to endemic African regions and presented with cutaneous nodules, some accompanied by systemic signs such as fever or regional lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis was confirmed through clinical evaluation and morphological identification of the extracted larvae. Treatment consisted of occlusive therapy to facilitate larval expulsion or surgical extraction of the maggots and systemic antibiotics. One patient also exhibited a family cluster, with larval extraction from a parent. Laboratory results were largely unremarkable, consistent with localized infection. These cases highlight the growing relevance of imported myiasis in non-endemic countries like Italy, due to increased international travel and potential climate-driven changes in vector distribution. Enhanced awareness among travelers and healthcare providers, together with proactive public health measures, is crucial. By documenting these cases, we hope to contribute to the understanding of emerging parasitic diseases in non-endemic regions and reinforce the need for vigilance in this time of global environmental changes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:39:18Z","timestamp":1778521158000},"page":"e0013535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Furuncular myiasis by Cordylobia anthropophaga in three Italian children: First case series and implications for non-endemic regions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Livia","family":"Mancinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Guercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6906-9506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Vrenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Onori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"De Liberato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adele","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Diociaiuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Raponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Federico","family":"Perno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"El Hachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bernaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013535.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.03.014","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis","volume":"58","author":"TA McGraw","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013535.ref002","first-page":"133","article-title":"Guess What! Non-inflammatory cutaneous myiasis caused by the larva of Cordylobia anthropophaga","volume":"8","author":"S Veraldi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013535.ref003","first-page":"195","article-title":"Furuncular myiasis by tumbu fly","volume":"13","author":"AA Mashhood","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013535.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2012.05641.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of human furuncular myiasis of Cordylobia anthropophaga (Grunberg) in Nigeria","volume":"52","author":"OK Ogbalu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013535.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00010-11","article-title":"Myiasis","volume":"25","author":"F Francesconi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013535.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90027-8","article-title":"Letter: Tumbu fly (Cordylobia) infection outside Africa","volume":"67","author":"BR Laurence","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013535.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.2.187","article-title":"Cordylobia anthropophaga (Diptera: Calliphoridae) outside Africa: a case of furuncular myiasis in a child returning from Congo","volume":"42","author":"E Dehecq","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013535.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.15672","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis in skin cancer and malignant wounds: a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"D Cuestas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013535.ref009","first-page":"505","article-title":"Cordylobia anthropophaga Myiasis Mimicking Hyperproliferative Skin Disorder in Traveler Returning from Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"L Popovi\u0107 Dragonji\u0107","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013535.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12894","article-title":"A novel dermoscopic pattern observed in furuncular myiasis","volume":"60","author":"A Diociaiuti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013535.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00807-0","article-title":"A Case of Myiasis Caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in an Italian Traveler Returning from Senegal","volume":"69","author":"A Alvaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013535.ref012","first-page":"592","article-title":"A case of widespread furuncular cutaneous myiasis in a man returning from Senegal","volume":"159","author":"C De Rosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital J Dermatol Venerol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013535.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.11560","article-title":"Furuncular myiasis in Italian traveler returning from Kenya","volume":"14","author":"E Oliva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013535.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2018.56.2.199","article-title":"A Case of Cutaneous Myiasis Caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga Larvae in a Korean Traveler Returning from Central Africa","volume":"56","author":"JY Ko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013535.ref015","first-page":"431","article-title":"Human cutaneous myiasis: a case report","volume":"159","author":"R Pica","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013535.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2014.893366","article-title":"Eyelid myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga","volume":"23","author":"P Sivelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013535.ref017","first-page":"15","article-title":"Furuncular myiasis by Cordylobia anthropophaga: a paediatric case in Italy","volume":"28","author":"M Gigantesco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013535.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmau.2014.12.002","article-title":"A new focus of autochthonous transmission of Cordylobia anthropophaga in Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"MA Afifi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Microsc Ultrastruct"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013535.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00576-8","article-title":"Myiasis by Cordylobia anthropophaga (Calliphoridae) in rodents from Cape Verde","volume":"67","author":"\u00c1 Fern\u00e1ndez-Alvarez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0013535.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107454","article-title":"Cutaneous myiasis by Calliphoridae dipterans in dogs from Chad","volume":"260","author":"RAN Ramos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013535","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013535","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T17:59:24Z","timestamp":1778867964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013535"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aysegul","family":"Taylan Ozkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013535","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]}}}