{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:39:27Z","timestamp":1793140767780,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013556","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000}}],"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Dengue is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide, affecting around 390 million people each year. Previous studies have reported that social, climatic, and government-related conditions can increase the frequency of dengue events in some territories. This study aimed to design a multidimensional vulnerability index encompassing social, climatic, and government-related factors associated with dengue and correlate this index with dengue incidence in Colombia between 2015 and 2020.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Observational, ecological, longitudinal study conducted from 2015 to 2020. Based on administrative data from state sources such as the Ministry of Health, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE), the National Planning Department (DNP), and other sources, a principal component analysis was performed to design the multidimensional vulnerability index.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data from 1099 municipalities over the six-year analysis period were included. The index comprised five main factors: climatic factors, basic service coverage, precipitation-related factors, municipal performance, and transparency in social development. The proposed index showed a mean vulnerability of 0.48 (median\u2009=\u20090.48; SD\u2009=\u20090.15; IQR: 0.36-0.59). Higher index values were found in the southwestern territories and the Amazon regions of Colombia, as well as some municipalities in the Caribbean region. These territories exhibited the highest levels of poverty, regional access to services, precipitation, and temperature. Spatial analyses confirmed this concordance. The nonlinear association between the MVI and dengue incidence suggests threshold effects, in which municipalities with MVI scores above 0.8 have higher levels of dengue morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The proposed index showed a suitable correlation with dengue case frequency at a regional level and could be extended to other countries for the development of dengue outbreak prevention campaigns.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T17:53:13Z","timestamp":1759859593000},"page":"e0013556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Designing a multidimensional vulnerability index for supervising dengue cases from 2015 to 2020 in a low\/middle-income country: A spatial principal component analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3043-0963","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sergio","family":"Moreno-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia C.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Pe\u00f1aranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref001","article-title":"Dengue guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2009","journal-title":"Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3430","article-title":"The many projected futures of dengue","volume":"13","author":"JP Messina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref003","volume-title":"Dengue control. In: WHO [Internet","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013556.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00026-8","article-title":"The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"16","author":"JD Stanaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref005","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Viz-Hub. In: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation [Internet]. 2015 [cited 7 Oct 2019]. Available from: https:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/gbd-compare\/\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.136-173.2004","article-title":"Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases","volume":"17","author":"RW Sutherst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.19053\/01233769.5956","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis espacial de las condiciones de vulnerabilidad social, econ\u00f3mica, f\u00edsica y ambiental en el territorio colombiano","volume":"22","author":"CA Dur\u00e1n Gil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspec.geogr"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref008","volume-title":"Plagues and epidemics: infected spaces past and present","author":"ANN H","year":"2004"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx247","article-title":"Poverty and Arbovirus Outbreaks: When Chikungunya Virus Hits More Precarious Populations Than Dengue Virus in French Guiana","volume":"4","author":"T Bonifay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013556.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200103083441015","article-title":"Appropriateness of coronary angiography after myocardial infarction among Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"344","author":"MG Kaplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref011","unstructured":"Pizarro R. La vulnerabilidad social y sus desaf\u00edos: una mirada desde Am\u00e9rica Latina estudios estad\u00edsticos y prospectivos. Cepal. 2001. Available from: http:\/\/repositorio.cepal.org\/bitstream\/handle\/11362\/4762\/S0102116_es.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.565","article-title":"Explaining differential vulnerability to climate change: A social science review","volume":"10","author":"K Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013556.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.10.009","article-title":"The role of environmental and individual factors in the social epidemiology of chikungunya disease on Mayotte Island","volume":"15","author":"J Raude","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01818.x","article-title":"Social and environmental determinants of Aedes aegypti infestation in Central Havana: results of a case-control study nested in an integrated dengue surveillance programme in Cuba","volume":"12","author":"JM Spiegel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref015","first-page":"71","article-title":"Fatores associados \u00e1 transmiss\u00e3o do dengue diante da perspectiva da ecossa\u00fade: uma revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica","volume-title":"Ecossa\u00fade, uma abordagem eco-bio-social: percursos convergentes no controle do dengue","author":"CM Vasconcelos Motta","year":"2013"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref016","first-page":"225","article-title":"Stratification of a hyperendemic city in hemorrhagic dengue","volume":"8","author":"R Barrera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3361","article-title":"Pond dyes are Culex mosquito oviposition attractants","volume":"5","author":"N Ortiz Perea","year":"2017","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1051\/nss\/2015058","article-title":"La dengue, maladie complexe","volume":"23","author":"\u00c9 Daud\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Sci Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(01)02288-0","article-title":"Epidemic dengue\/dengue hemorrhagic fever as a public health, social and economic problem in the 21st century","volume":"10","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1179\/2046904712Z.00000000046","article-title":"Dengue: an escalating public health problem in Latin America","volume":"32","author":"R Tapia-Conyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892009000500012","article-title":"Dengue, geoprocessamento e indicadores socioecon\u00f4micos e ambientais: um estudo de revis\u00e3o","volume":"25","author":"RM Oliveira","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista Panamericana de Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref022","unstructured":"Negin V, Rashid ZA, Nikopour H. The causal relationship between corruption and poverty: a panel data analysis. 2010; 14. Available from: https:\/\/mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de\/24871\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref023","volume-title":"The economic penalty of dengue","author":"M Yamini","year":"2011"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref024","first-page":"1","author":"CM Welsh-rodriguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cambio clim\u00e1tico y dengue: una aproximaci\u00f3n sist\u00e9mica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref025","first-page":"39","article-title":"Impact of climate change on infectious diseases","volume":"110","author":"G Berberian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Argent Pediatr"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.04.3862","article-title":"Climatic Factors influencing Dengue cases in Bhopal city: A model for Dengue prediction","volume":"73","author":"R Nigam","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.21149\/8414","article-title":"Effects of climatic and social factors on dengue incidence in Mexican municipalities in the state of Veracruz","volume":"59","author":"GL Moreno-Banda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013556.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084046","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab9141","article-title":"Intersecting vulnerabilities: climatic and demographic contributions to future population exposure to Aedes-borne viruses in the United States","volume":"15","author":"G Rohat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref029","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"MUG Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13084","article-title":"Urban climate versus global climate change-what makes the difference for dengue?","volume":"1382","author":"R Misslin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.026","article-title":"Dengue in a changing climate","volume":"151","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.326","article-title":"Climate change and dengue fever transmission in China: Evidences and challenges","author":"C Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.21615\/cesmedicina.33.1.5","article-title":"Influencia de la temperatura ambiental en el mosquito Aedes spp y la transmisi\u00f3n del virus del dengue","volume":"33","author":"Y M\u00e1rquez Ben\u00edtez","year":"2019","journal-title":"CES med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref034","first-page":"93","article-title":"Social justice, climate change, and dengue","volume":"16","author":"AY Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.09.007","article-title":"Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation","volume":"86","author":"X Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.08.028","article-title":"A spatial model of socioeconomic and environmental determinants of dengue fever in Cali, Colombia","volume":"164","author":"E Delmelle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005471","article-title":"Socioeconomic and environmental determinants of dengue transmission in an urban setting: An ecological study in Noum\u00e9a, New Caledonia","volume":"11","author":"RM Zellweger","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2011.171","article-title":"Socio-geographical factors in vulnerability to dengue in Thai villages: a spatial regression analysis","volume":"5","author":"M Tipayamongkholgul","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013556.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093156","article-title":"Past, Present, and Future Vulnerability to Dengue in Jamaica: A Spatial Analysis of Monthly Variations","volume":"17","author":"S Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040827","article-title":"The Social and Spatial Ecology of Dengue Presence and Burden during an Outbreak in Guayaquil, Ecuador, 2012","volume":"15","author":"CA Lippi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2020.854","article-title":"Determining the association between dengue and social inequality factors in north-eastern Brazil: A spatial modelling","volume":"15","author":"D Da Concei\u00e7\u00e3o Ara\u00fajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref042","article-title":"Effects of socio-economic and environmental factors on the spatial heterogeneity of dengue fever investigated at a fine scale","volume":"13","author":"Y Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sste.2018.11.006","article-title":"Modelling spatio-temporal data of dengue fever using generalized additive mixed models","volume":"28","author":"M Cabrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773214Y.0000000168","article-title":"Is dengue a disease of poverty? A systematic review","volume":"109","author":"K Mulligan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-13-50","article-title":"Modeling tools for dengue risk mapping - a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"VR Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.26555\/eshr.v1i1.938","article-title":"Climate change and dengue in indonesia: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"F Fatmawati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Soc Heal Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007280","article-title":"Trends in dengue research in the Philippines: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"KA Agrupis","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref048","unstructured":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica. DANE. 2005 [cited 15 Feb 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref049","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud. Portal Sivigila 4.0. 2024 [cited 4 Aug 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/portalsivigila.ins.gov.co\/\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref050","unstructured":"Departamento Nacional de Planeaci\u00f3n. TerriData. [cited 4 Aug 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/terridata.dnp.gov.co\/\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref051","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud. Protocolo de Vigilancia en Salud P\u00fablica: Dengue. Bogot\u00e1; 2014. Available from: https:\/\/www.minsalud.gov.co\/Documents\/Salud%20P%C3%BAblica\/Ola%20invernal\/Protocolo%20Vigilancia.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref052","unstructured":"DANE. Comunicado de prensa. Bogot\u00e1; 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013556.ref053","first-page":"104","article-title":"The epidemiology of dengue viral infection in developing countries: A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"A Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref054","first-page":"240","article-title":"The ocurrence of dengue and weather changes in Brazil: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"DV Viana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013556.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003499","article-title":"Epidemiological trends of dengue disease in Colombia (2000-2011): a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"LA Villar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-167","article-title":"Climate change and dengue: a critical and systematic review of quantitative modelling approaches","volume":"14","author":"S Naish","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00317","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Dengue Outbreaks in 1990-2015: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"7","author":"C Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref058","unstructured":"World Bank. Climate Change Knowledge Portal. 2025 [cited 5 Aug 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/download-data"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref059","unstructured":"Transparencia por Colombia. ITEP: \u00cdndice de Transparencia de las Entidades P\u00fablicas - Transparencia por Colombia. 2025 [cited 5 Aug 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/transparenciacolombia.org.co\/itep\/\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref060","unstructured":"Departamento Nacional de Planeaci\u00f3n. Metodolog\u00eda de Desempe\u00f1o Municipal. In: Departamento Nacional de Planeaci\u00f3n [Internet]. 2025 [cited 5 Aug 2025]. Available from: https:\/\/portalterritorial.dnp.gov.co\/AdmInfoTerritorial\/MenuInfoTerrEstMDM"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref061","volume-title":"The Vulnerability Sourcebook Concept and guidelines for standardised vulnerability assessments. 1\u00b0. Adelphi, editor. Berlin: adelphi consult","author":"K Fritzsche","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref062","unstructured":"Giuseppe N, Stefano S, Olivier B. Summary Indicators of Product Market Regulation with an Extension to Employment Protection Legislation. Paris; 2000 Apr. Report No.: 226. https:doi.org\/10.1787\/215182844604"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref063","unstructured":"Nardo M, Saisana M, Saltelli A, Tarantola S, Hoffman A, Giovannini E. Handbook on constructing composite indicators: Methodology and user guide. OECD Statistics Working Papers. 2005. Available: http:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/docserver\/download\/5lgmz9dkcdg4.pdf?expires=1471336777&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=158391DADFA324416BB9015F3E4109AF"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0808-0","article-title":"Potential distribution of dengue fever under scenarios of climate change and economic development","volume":"9","author":"C Astr\u00f6m","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-024-03386-9","article-title":"Constructing Social Vulnerability Indexes with Increased Data and Machine Learning Highlight the Importance of Wealth Across Global Contexts","volume":"175","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2023.2226189","article-title":"PCA-based approach for mapping social vulnerability to hazards in the Chennai metropolitan area, east coast of India","volume":"29","author":"M Arunachalam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annals of GIS"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2022.102897","article-title":"A comparison of social vulnerability indices specific to flooding in Ecuador: principal component analysis (PCA) and expert knowledge","volume":"73","author":"A Bucherie","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref068","article-title":"\u00cdndice de vulnerabilidad del sector salud en M\u00e9xico: La infraestructura hospitalaria ante la COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"M Olivera Villarroel","year":"2021","journal-title":"HS"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostr.2024.02.022","article-title":"Statistical analysis of principal components (PCA) in the study of the vulnerability of Heritage Churches","volume":"55","author":"I Turbay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Structural Integrity"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref070","article-title":"\u00cdndice de vulnerabilidad ante el COVID-19 en M\u00e9xico","author":"M Su\u00e1rez Lastra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investigaciones Geogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-6237.8402002","article-title":"Social vulnerability to environmental hazards","volume":"84","author":"SL Cutter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Sci Q"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013556.ref072","first-page":"791","article-title":"Assets as a Socioeconomic Status Index: Categorical Principal Components Analysis vs. Latent Class Analysis","volume":"19","author":"M Sartipi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An Index of Factorial Simplicity","volume":"39","author":"HF Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35900-3","article-title":"An FSV analysis approach to verify the robustness of the triple-correlation analysis theoretical framework","volume":"13","author":"RMX Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/17421772.2020.1775876","article-title":"Principal component analysis for geographical data: the role of spatial effects in the definition of composite indicators","volume":"16","author":"A Cartone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spatial Economic Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.689236","article-title":"Principal Component Analysis on Spatial Data: An Overview","volume":"103","author":"U Dem\u0161ar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref077","unstructured":"CRAN: Package adespatial. [cited 5 Aug 2025]. Available: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/adespatial\/index.html"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref078","unstructured":"CRAN: Package ade4. [cited 5 Aug 2025]. Available: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/ade4\/index.html"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref079","unstructured":"CRAN: Package mgcv. [cited 5 Aug 2025]. Available: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mgcv\/index.html"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref080","unstructured":"CRAN: Package spdep. [cited 5 Aug 2025]. Available: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/spdep\/index.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref081","article-title":"Cost of illness and program of dengue: A systematic review","volume":"14","author":"S Oliveira LN da","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013556.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510097","article-title":"Climate Variability and Its Impact on the Incidence by Dengue in Six Endemic States of the Mexican Republic","volume":"5","author":"I P\u00e9rez Contreras","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013556.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2017.1361563","article-title":"Taking innovative vector control interventions in urban Latin America to scale: lessons learnt from multi-country implementation research","volume":"111","author":"J Quintero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.08.007","article-title":"What do community-based dengue control programmes achieve? A systematic review of published evaluations","volume":"101","author":"C Heintze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013556.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.006","article-title":"Vulnerability","volume":"16","author":"WN Adger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref086","first-page":"666","article-title":"Spatial analysis of dengue and the socioeconomic context of the city of Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil)","volume":"43","author":"de Almeida AS","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013556.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02734.x","article-title":"Dengue transmission in the Asia-Pacific region: impact of climate change and socio-environmental factors","volume":"16","author":"S Banu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013556.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2004.11.069","article-title":"Is what I have just a cold or is it dengue? Addressing the gap between the politics of dengue control and daily life in Villavicencio-Colombia","volume":"61","author":"MR Suarez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2014.12082.x","article-title":"Determining the spatial autocorrelation of dengue vector populations: influences of mosquito sampling method, covariables, and vector control","volume":"39","author":"AH Azil","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref090","first-page":"0","article-title":"The COMBI (Communication for Behavioural Impact) program in the prevention and control of dengue - the Hulu Langat experienc","volume":"12","author":"C Health","year":"2006","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013556.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004621","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics and Spatial Patterns of Aedes aegypti Breeding Sites, in the Context of a Dengue Control Program in Tartagal (Salta Province, Argentina)","volume":"10","author":"M Espinosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref092","first-page":"186","article-title":"Reflections on the extension of research education in health communication in the programs of dengue fever prevention and control. The case of Barranquilla (Colombia)","volume":"18","author":"M Mosquera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Investigaci\u00f3n y desarrollo"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010070","article-title":"An Assessment of Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation in Dominica","volume":"16","author":"R Schnitter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13950","article-title":"Impact of recent and future climate change on vector-borne diseases","volume":"1436","author":"C Caminade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.227","article-title":"Assessing the impacts of climate change in cities and their adaptive capacity: Towards transformative approaches to climate change adaptation and poverty reduction in urban areas in a set of developing countries","volume":"692","author":"WL Filho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref096","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control 2012\u20132020. 2012."},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58542-1","article-title":"Epidemiological study on dengue in southern Brazil under the perspective of climate and poverty","volume":"10","author":"L Bavia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00717-z","article-title":"Climate change induced vulnerability and adaption for dengue incidence in Colombo and Kandy districts: the detailed investigation in Sri Lanka","volume":"9","author":"L Udayanga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5040156","article-title":"Dengue Infections in Colombia: Epidemiological Trends of a Hyperendemic Country","volume":"5","author":"H Gutierrez-Barbosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013556.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129054","article-title":"Understanding Water Storage Practices of Urban Residents of an Endemic Dengue Area in Colombia: Perceptions, Rationale and Socio-Demographic Characteristics","volume":"10","author":"T Garc\u00eda-Betancourt","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013556.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7282-3","article-title":"The threat of climate change to non-dengue-endemic countries: increasing risk of dengue transmission potential using climate and non-climate datasets","volume":"19","author":"J-S Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref102","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control. Genova; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013556.ref103","first-page":"737","article-title":"Inequalities in health by regime of affiliation to the health system in events of obligatory notification, Colombia, 2015","volume":"39","author":"L Hilari\u00f3n-Gait\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010717502442","article-title":"Global-Scale Relationships between Climate and the Dengue Fever Vector, Aedes Aegypti","volume":"48","author":"MJ Hopp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013556.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2014.11.005","article-title":"Potential impact of climatic variability on the epidemiology of dengue in Risaralda, Colombia, 2010-2011","volume":"8","author":"LL Quintero-Herrera","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013556.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0575-4","article-title":"The climatic factors affecting dengue fever outbreaks in southern Taiwan: an application of symbolic data analysis","volume":"17","author":"Y-H Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013556","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T17:39:28Z","timestamp":1760377168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013556"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Clarence","family":"Mang'era","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}}}