{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T01:33:31Z","timestamp":1783042411822,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis (Ss)<\/jats:italic> is a parasitic infection affecting 50\u2013100 million people globally, with significant immune and metabolic consequences, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. While Strongyloides infection is known to modulate the host immune system, the role of angiopoietin-like proteins (AGPTLs), which regulate inflammation and immune responses, has not been explored in this context. In this study, we investigated the systemic levels of AGPTL-2, -3, -4, -6, and -8 in 60 Ss-infected (<jats:italic><jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>+) and 56 uninfected (<jats:italic><jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>-) individuals. AGPTL levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). We also assessed the effect of anthelmintic treatment on AGPTL levels in <jats:italic><jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>+ individuals. Our results show that <jats:italic>Ss+<\/jats:italic> individuals had significantly elevated levels of AGPTL-2, -3, -6, and -8 compared to Ss- individuals. After anthelmintic treatment, these elevated levels were significantly reduced. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed distinct clustering of AGPTLs between <jats:italic><jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>+ and <jats:italic><jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic>- groups, explaining 25.1% and 36.1% of the variance, respectively. Additionally, a positive correlation between AGPTL levels and IgG suggested an association with immune activation. These findings suggest that Strongyloides infection is associated with elevated AGPTL levels, which decrease following effective treatment. This highlights the potential role of AGPTLs as biomarkers for diagnosing and monitoring infection and treatment response. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms of AGPTL regulation in parasitic infections and their impact on immune modulation and metabolic alterations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T17:27:02Z","timestamp":1759253222000},"page":"e0013559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Circulating Angiopoietin-like proteins in Strongyloides Stercoralis infection and reversal following treatment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-5502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anuradha","family":"Rajamanickam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saravanan","family":"Munisankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subash","family":"Babu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013559.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002640","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of five serologic tests for Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"8","author":"Z Bisoffi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013559.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5443-9","article-title":"Identification of antigenic proteins in Strongyloides stercoralis by proteomic analysis","volume":"116","author":"R Rodpai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013559.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002288","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis: Global Distribution and Risk Factors","volume":"7","author":"F Sch\u00e4r","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013559.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012529","article-title":"Thermosensory behaviors of the free-living life stages of Strongyloides species support parasitism in tropical environments","volume":"18","author":"BT Gregory","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013559.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.1.208-217.2004","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis in the Immunocompromised Population","volume":"17","author":"PB Keiser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013559.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283551dbd","article-title":"Screening, prevention, and treatment for hyperinfection syndrome and disseminated infections caused by Strongyloides stercoralis","volume":"25","author":"R Mejia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013559.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016000834","article-title":"Human infection with Strongyloides stercoralis and other related Strongyloides species","volume":"144","author":"TB Nutman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013559.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2024.07.010","article-title":"Human Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"58","author":"R Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013559.ref009","article-title":"Role of the angiopoietin-like protein family in the progression of NAFLD","volume":"10","author":"X Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013559.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15060352","article-title":"Recent Advancements in Understanding the Role and Mechanisms of Angiopoietin-like Proteins in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"15","author":"X Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013559.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003491","article-title":"Accuracy of five serologic tests for the follow up of Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"9","author":"D Buonfrate","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013559.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.53.248","article-title":"Efficacy of stool examination for detection of Strongyloides infection","volume":"53","author":"Y Sato","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref013","first-page":"8885990","article-title":"A Case of Ulcerated Gastric Mass and Anemia due to Strongyloidiasis","volume":"2020","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastrointest Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013559.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051027","article-title":"Soil-Transmitted Helminths and Anaemia: A Neglected Association Outside the Tropics","volume":"10","author":"S Caldrer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7961-4-8","article-title":"Intestinal strongyloidiasis and hyperinfection syndrome","volume":"4","author":"RS Vadlamudi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Mol Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013559.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.06.006","article-title":"Is there an association between positive Strongyloides stercoralis serology and diabetes mellitus?","volume":"99","author":"SCL Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013559.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010561","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Strongyloides stercoralis infection in a South Indian adult population","volume":"16","author":"S Munisankar","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013559.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00870-z","article-title":"Eosinophils and helminth infection: protective or pathogenic?","volume":"43","author":"E Mitre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013559.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiae173","article-title":"Eosinophils as modulators of host defense during parasitic, fungal, bacterial, and viral infections","volume":"116","author":"PH Gazzinelli-Guimaraes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00207","article-title":"Elevated Systemic Levels of Eosinophil, Neutrophil, and Mast Cell Granular Proteins in Strongyloides Stercoralis Infection that Diminish following Treatment","volume":"9","author":"A Rajamanickam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013559.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa233","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Patients Is Associated With Eosinophil Activation and Intestinal Inflammation: A Cross-sectional Study","volume":"71","author":"E Clark","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190034","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1190034","article-title":"Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases","volume":"14","author":"R Poto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013559.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020431","article-title":"Angiopoietin-Like Proteins in Angiogenesis, Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"19","author":"C Carbone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013559.ref024","article-title":"Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism by ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8","volume":"321","author":"KL Sylvers-Davie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013559.ref025","first-page":"1736","article-title":"Angiopoietin-Like Proteins: Cardiovascular Biology and Therapeutic Targeting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"39","author":"E Thorin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275485","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1275485","article-title":"Emerging insights into the roles of ANGPTL8 beyond glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"14","author":"H Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013559.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2784","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1259","article-title":"Effects of Denosumab and Calcitriol on Severe Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Dialysis Patients With Low Bone Mass","volume":"100","author":"C-L Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013559.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193731","article-title":"Association of circulating ANGPTL 3, 4, and 8 levels with medical status in a population undergoing routine medical checkups: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"J Morinaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2023.08.009","article-title":"Hookworm infection induces glycometabolic modulation in South Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"B Dasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"IJID Reg"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00431","article-title":"Helminth Mediated Attenuation of Systemic Inflammation and Microbial Translocation in Helminth-Diabetes Comorbidity","volume":"10","author":"A Rajamanickam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013559.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008101","article-title":"Helminth infection modulates systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"A Rajamanickam","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013559.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy935","article-title":"Metabolic Consequences of Concomitant Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"69","author":"A Rajamanickam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013559.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1707806","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like proteins as therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease: focus on lipid disorders","volume":"24","author":"MB Morelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013559.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255147","article-title":"Association between ANGPTL3, 4, and 8 and lipid and glucose metabolism markers in patients with diabetes","volume":"16","author":"M Harada","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3329","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S383234","article-title":"The Correlation Between Angiopoietin-Like 3 and Metabolic Markers of Some Lipid and Glucose in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the First Diagnosis","volume":"15","author":"M Hoang Thi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013559.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13339","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 and angiopoietin-like 4 protein provide prognostic information in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome","volume":"290","author":"R Aarset\u00f8y","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013559.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-020-09730-0","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 as a marker of endothelial activation is a good predictor factor for intensive care unit admission of COVID-19 patients","volume":"23","author":"DM Smadja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00004","article-title":"Angiopoietin-like proteins: a comprehensive look","volume":"5","author":"G Santulli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"pntd.0013559.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431441","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2431441","article-title":"The Effect of Canagliflozin on High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"2024","author":"S Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T17:27:08Z","timestamp":1759253228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013559"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Diemert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013559","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]]}}}