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While\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      is a known carcinogen in the urinary bladder, its role in cervical cancer remains unclear and molecular effects of parasite eggs in genital tissue are largely unknown. Our objective was to characterize cervical transcriptional profiles in women with or without active\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and after anti-schistosome treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected cervical cytobrush samples from women living in areas of Tanzania endemic for\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium,<\/jats:italic>\n                      before and 4\u201312 months after praziquantel treatment, and extracted RNA for transcriptome analysis. mRNA was isolated using poly(A) selection and sequencing was performed on an Illumina Hi-Seq4000 platform. Transcript alignment to the human hg19 reference genome and counting were accomplished using the HTSeq package. Genes were assessed for differential expression using DESeq2 and Limma. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was employed to identify gene networks altered in the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and following parasitological elimination of infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As part of this pilot study, we enrolled 20 participants with and 19 without\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, we identified 9 differentially expressed genes in women with versus without infection at baseline, 23 in women with parasitological clearance of infection post-treatment versus with infection at baseline, and 29 in those with parasitological elimination of infection versus without infection at baseline. Most differentially expressed genes were associated with heightened oncogenesis in both women with infection and in those with parasitological clearance of infection after treatment. Using IPA, we identified cancer-related networks and pathways in women with parasitological clearance compared to women with and without infection, as well as pathways involving inflammation and compromised epithelial integrity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Women with\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and those with recent parasitological clearance were found to have cervical gene alterations that have been reported in various cancers. Our findings suggest a possible increase in cervical cancer risk and susceptibility to secondary infections shortly after treatment. Further research is necessary to ascertain whether altered gene expression after parasitological clearance of\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      resolves over time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:28:47Z","timestamp":1763749727000},"page":"e0013569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Schistosoma haematobium infection is associated with oncogenic gene expression in Cervical Mucosa, with enhanced effects following treatment: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-0600","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Mertelsmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane K.","family":"Maganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myung Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adrian Y.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheridan F.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Loyce","family":"Mhango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"de Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul L.A.M.","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Govert J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saidi H.","family":"Kapiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathryn M.","family":"Dupnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Humphrey D.","family":"Mazigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Changalucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013569.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087","article-title":"Immunology of human schistosomiasis","volume":"36","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0013569.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1913547","article-title":"Where Were the Women? 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