{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T06:07:25Z","timestamp":1792476445014,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013598","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000}}],"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TRYPANO! INV-001785"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TRYPANO! INV-001785"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006137","name":"D\u00e9partement Soutien et Formation, Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JEAI RECIT 2022-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JEAI RECIT 2022-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forecariah is one of the most active foci of\n                      <jats:italic>gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                      human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) in Guinea. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of a vector control intervention carried out in this focus from 2018 to 2021. To achieve this, thousands of deltamethrin-impregnated blue tiny targets were deployed annually.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology and principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-one sentinel traps were used to assess the following entomological and parasitological parameters: (i) the apparent density (AD) of tsetse flies, monitored twice per year; (ii) the tsetse fly infection rates, evaluated once per year; and (iii) the trypanosome species, determined by molecular approaches before and after three years of vector control. Prior to the VC campaign, significantly higher densities of\n                      <jats:italic>Glossina palpalis gambiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed in the mangroves (AD\u2009=\u200917.2 F\/T\/D) than in mainland areas (AD\u2009=\u20096.2 F\/T\/D). Just 18 months after the start of the VC campaign, the maximum reduction in AD was reached (mean AD\u2009=\u20091.1 F\/T\/D; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001; 92% reduction) and was maintained throughout the campaign. Prior to VC, 18 out of 31 (58%) sentinel traps presented at least one infected fly observed by microscopy, whereas only two out of 31 (6%; p\u2009=\u20090.002) traps were positive after three years of VC. Molecular analysis of the tsetse midgut revealed positivity for\n                      <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                      sl DNA in 45.2% of the traps prior to the VC baseline.\n                      <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed in 6.5% of traps. Although one\n                      <jats:italic>T. b. gambiense<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, which is responsible for human disease, was detected three years after the introduction of vector control, a significant decrease in\n                      <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                      sl PCR positivity was observed (45.2% versus 22.6%; p\u2009=\u20090.05), whereas a slight increase was observed for\n                      <jats:italic>T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      (6.5% versus 16.1%), while\n                      <jats:italic>T. congolense<\/jats:italic>\n                      trap positivity (6.5%) remained stable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Forecariah, the prevalence of the disease was reduced by 76% during the study period. Hence, these results further emphasize that implementing vector control alongside medical control is an effective way of reducing the transmission of parasites to humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T17:43:06Z","timestamp":1780681386000},"page":"e0013598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Xeno-monitoring the impact of Vector Control on trypanosome transmission in the Forecariah sleeping sickness focus (Guinea)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4300-5042","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdoulaye Dansy","family":"Camara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrice","family":"Boedouno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Issiaga","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aissata","family":"Soumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"K\u00e9b\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Koivogui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brice","family":"Rotureau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Mathieu","family":"Bart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Bucheton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Delamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien Marie Gaston","family":"Belem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moise","family":"Kagbadouno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013598.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006890","article-title":"Monitoring the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: update to 2016","volume":"12","author":"JR Franco","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013598.ref002","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis in two historical foci of the estuaire province, gabon: a case report","volume":"8","author":"BA Iroungou","year":"2020","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013598.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.11.18203","article-title":"Vaccination against trypanosomiasis: can it be done or is the trypanosome truly the ultimate immune destroyer and escape artist?","volume":"7","author":"F La Greca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin"},{"key":"pntd.0013598.ref004","unstructured":"Report of the first WHO stakeholders meeting on rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis [Internet]. 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