{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:51:40Z","timestamp":1785790300143,"version":"3.56.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013612","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000}}],"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106158\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1141321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1141321"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-030857"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-030857"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serologic surveillance of at-risk populations can be used to directly estimate the incidence of typhoidal <jats:italic><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> infection across a variety of settings, including those without access to facility-based blood-culture surveillance. We collected paired blood samples approximately three months apart from an age-stratified random sample of healthy children and adults in Bangladesh, Malawi, and Nepal as part of the Strategic Typhoid Alliance Across Asia and Africa (STRATAA) study. We used a multiplex bead assay to measure the concentration of IgG antibodies against seven <jats:italic><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> typhi\/paratyphi antigens (CdtB, FliC, HlyE, LPSO2, LPSO9, Vi, and YncE) in each sample and identified recently infected participants by fitting a regression mixture model to the change in IgG concentration between participants\u2019 samples. We estimated the seroincidence of infection in a Bayesian framework for each study site, age group, and antigen target. Finally, we compared the seroincidence estimates with crude and adjusted estimates of clinical incidence based on blood-culture surveillance. Seroincidence estimates were significantly higher than enteric fever incidence across all study sites, age groups, and antigen targets, even after adjusting for underreporting (median ratio: 24.2, interquartile range: 11.4-58.9). Seroincidence consistently peaked in the 0\u20134-year age group and declined moderately between children and adults (33% to 58% decline in HlyE seroincidence between the 5\u20139 and 30\u2009+\u2009year old age groups), while enteric fever incidence peaked in older children and fell sharply in adults (71% to 95% decline in adjusted clinical incidence). Seroincidence estimates based on the FliC, YncE, and HlyE antigens individually had the strongest correlation with observed enteric fever incidence across age groups and study sites (r\u2009=\u20090.72, 0.69, and 0.63, respectively). These findings suggest that in endemic settings, both children and adults are frequently infected by typhoidal <jats:italic><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic><\/jats:italic> serotypes, although only a fraction of these infections present as clinically identifiable enteric fever cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:07Z","timestamp":1760032327000},"page":"e0013612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Leveraging paired serology to estimate the incidence of typhoidal Salmonella infection in the STRATAA study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6130-8189","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leanne","family":"Kermack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tan Trinh","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tran Vu","family":"Thieu Nga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elli","family":"Mylona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Chan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonu","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Gehlhaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefin Bartholdson","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana","family":"Khanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mila","family":"Shakya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deus","family":"Thindwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melita A.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buddha","family":"Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Clemens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Firdausi","family":"Qadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Heyderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Dolecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Tonks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Darton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Meiring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merryn","family":"Voysey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia E.","family":"Pitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"and the STRATAA Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy846","article-title":"Progress in Typhoid Fever Epidemiology","volume":"68","author":"JA Crump","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013612.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005376","article-title":"The burden of typhoid fever in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-regression approach","volume":"11","author":"M Antill\u00f3n","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013612.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30685-6","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fevers: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"19","author":"GBD 2017 Typhoid and Paratyphoid Collaborators","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013612.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00370-3","article-title":"Burden of enteric fever at three urban sites in Africa and Asia: a multicentre population-based study","volume":"9","author":"JE Meiring","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-45","article-title":"Searching for the elusive typhoid diagnostic","volume":"10","author":"S Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa503","article-title":"The Current Status of Enteric Fever Diagnostics and Implications for Disease Control","volume":"71","author":"S Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofad021","article-title":"Seroepidemiology for Enteric Fever: Emerging Approaches and Opportunities","volume":"10","author":"K Aiemjoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy471","article-title":"The Relationship Between Blood Sample Volume and Diagnostic Sensitivity of Blood Culture for Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"218","author":"M Antillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040410","article-title":"Enteric fever diagnosis: current challenges and future directions","volume":"10","author":"DP Neupane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-9-14","article-title":"A fast and highly sensitive blood culture PCR method for clinical detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi","volume":"9","author":"L Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa585","article-title":"Assessing the Feasibility of Typhoid Elimination","volume":"71","author":"JD Stanaway","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013612.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12737","article-title":"Seroepidemiology: an underused tool for designing and monitoring vaccination programmes in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"21","author":"FT Cutts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013612.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041129","article-title":"Towards elimination: measles susceptibility in Australia and 17 European countries","volume":"86","author":"N Andrews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013612.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004574","article-title":"The seroepidemiology of rubella in western Europe","volume":"125","author":"RG Pebody","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013612.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113538","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of expanded age group campaigns for polio eradication","volume":"9","author":"BG Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"15","key":"pntd.0013612.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.02.003","article-title":"A study evaluating poliovirus antibodies and risk factors associated with polio seropositivity in low socioeconomic areas of Pakistan","volume":"31","author":"M Habib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013612.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000291","article-title":"Incidence and reproduction numbers of pertussis: estimates from serological and social contact data in five European countries","volume":"7","author":"M Kretzschmar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013612.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035874","article-title":"Increased population prevalence of low pertussis toxin antibody levels in young children preceding a record pertussis epidemic in Australia","volume":"7","author":"P Campbell","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013612.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004107","article-title":"Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies","volume":"19","author":"I Bergeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013612.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065734","article-title":"Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection within the homeless population: insights from a city-wide longitudinal study","volume":"13","author":"E Mosnier","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105134","article-title":"A scoping literature review of global dengue age-stratified seroprevalence data: estimating dengue force of infection in endemic countries","volume":"104","author":"A Vicco","year":"2024","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013612.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011842","article-title":"Global seroprevalence of Zika virus in asymptomatic individuals: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"PM Saba Villarroel","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013612.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad242","article-title":"The Identification of Enteric Fever-Specific Antigens for Population-Based Serosurveillance","volume":"229","author":"E Mylona","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013612.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu078","article-title":"An outpatient, ambulant-design, controlled human infection model using escalating doses of Salmonella Typhi challenge delivered in sodium bicarbonate solution","volume":"58","author":"CS Waddington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013612.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00114-8","article-title":"Estimating typhoid incidence from community-based serosurveys: a multicohort study","volume":"3","author":"K Aiemjoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013612.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy578","article-title":"Plasma Immunoglobulin A Responses Against 2 Salmonella Typhi Antigens Identify Patients With Typhoid Fever","volume":"68","author":"JR Andrews","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01043","article-title":"Immune profiling with a Salmonella Typhi antigen microarray identifies new diagnostic biomarkers of human typhoid","volume":"3","author":"L Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013612.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.05.007","article-title":"An evaluation of purified Salmonella Typhi protein antigens for the serological diagnosis of acute typhoid fever","volume":"75","author":"N Tran Vu Thieu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01794","article-title":"Identification of Novel Serodiagnostic Signatures of Typhoid Fever Using a Salmonella Proteome Array","volume":"8","author":"TC Darton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013612.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2811.220239","article-title":"Seroincidence of Enteric Fever, Juba, South Sudan","volume":"28","author":"K Aiemjoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013612.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016283","article-title":"The STRATAA study protocol: a programme to assess the burden of enteric fever in Bangladesh, Malawi and Nepal using prospective population census, passive surveillance, serological studies and healthcare utilisation surveys","volume":"7","author":"TC Darton","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10111","key":"pntd.0013612.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32149-9","article-title":"Efficacy and immunogenicity of a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in the prevention of typhoid fever using a controlled human infection model of Salmonella Typhi: a randomised controlled, phase 2b trial","volume":"390","author":"C Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013612.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/5992.814660","article-title":"The Metropolis Algorithm","volume":"2","author":"I Beichl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput Sci Eng"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref034","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2020. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013612.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v032.i06","article-title":"Mixtools: An R Package for Analyzing Mixture Models","volume":"32","author":"T Benaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013612.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70301-8","article-title":"Burden of typhoid fever in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic, literature-based update with risk-factor adjustment","volume":"2","author":"V Mogasale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013612.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00119-X","article-title":"Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project","volume":"10","author":"DO Garrett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0013612.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2209449","article-title":"Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India","volume":"388","author":"J John","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0013612.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5853","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9159","article-title":"A Bayesian approach for estimating typhoid fever incidence from large-scale facility-based passive surveillance data","volume":"40","author":"MT Phillips","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"5788","key":"pntd.0013612.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5788.665","article-title":"Typhoid fever in young children","volume":"4","author":"TO Mulligan","year":"1971","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013612.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007805","article-title":"Under-detection of blood culture-positive enteric fever cases: The impact of missing data and methods for adjusting incidence estimates","volume":"14","author":"M Voysey","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013612.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00516","article-title":"Complex adaptive immunity to enteric fevers in humans: lessons learned and the path forward","volume":"5","author":"MB Sztein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"10301","key":"pntd.0013612.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01124-7","article-title":"Protection by vaccination of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in urban Bangladesh: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"398","author":"F Qadri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013612.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002335","article-title":"Identification of immunogenic Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi antigens expressed in chronic biliary carriers of S. Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"7","author":"RC Charles","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"892","key":"pntd.0013612.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.892.80","article-title":"Widal agglutination test - 100 years later: still plagued by controversy","volume":"76","author":"LA Olopoenia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013612","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000}},{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0014219","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T17:49:01Z","timestamp":1760550541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013612"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Benedikt","family":"Ley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013612","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013612","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]}}}