{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:04:18Z","timestamp":1785474258557,"version":"3.56.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013641","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Global Emerging Infections Surveillance program (GEIS) Program","award":["PROMIS ID# P0089_22_N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PROMIS ID# P0089_22_N2"]}]},{"name":"The Global Emerging Infections Surveillance program","award":["P0071_23_N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0071_23_N2"]}]},{"name":"The Global Emerging Infections Surveillance program","award":["P0126_24_N2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P0126_24_N2"]}]},{"name":"The French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation","award":["MESRI.K-23-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MESRI.K-23-24"]}]},{"name":"The European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases","award":["ESCMID Research Grant 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESCMID Research Grant 2021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"The Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["220211\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Phlebotomine sandflies are the principal vectors of leishmaniasis. Laos is a landlocked country bordering Thailand, where autochthonous cases of leishmaniasis have been reported. However, the status of leishmaniases in Laos is unknown due to a lack of testing. In the past decades, very few studies on sandflies and sandfly-borne pathogens have been conducted in Laos. Therefore, the knowledge of sandfly diversity, distribution, and their related pathogens is lacking. We hypothesized that both known and putative sandfly-borne pathogens may silently circulate in Laos but remain undetected. Herein, we aimed to report species diversity data and\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n detection among sandflies collected from seven provinces of Laos.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Sandflies were collected using CDC light traps from various habitats, including caves and peri-caves in karstic areas, domestic animal sheds, forests, and plantations, across seven provinces in northern Laos. Sandfly collections were conducted between 2014 and 2024 from different seasons. Sandflies were identified by morphological and molecular techniques. PCR targeting the ITS1 region was used to screen for\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n in the sandfly samples. Though a specific\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n PCR was not used, this PCR is also able to detect the ITS1 region in some\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n spp.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 3,857 sandflies from 25 species belonging to five genera were collected and examined:\n Chinius eunicegalatiae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Idiophlebotomus longiforceps<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Phlebotomus barguesae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ph. breyi<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ph.<\/jats:italic>\n (\n Adlerius<\/jats:italic>\n ) sp.,\n Ph. kiangsuensis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ph. mascomai<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ph. seowpohi<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ph. shadenae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ph. sinxayarami<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ph. stantoni<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Sergentomyia anodontis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. bailyi<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. barraudi<\/jats:italic>\n group,\n Se. brevicaulis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. dvoraki<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. hivernus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. khawi<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. perturbans<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. phasukae<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. sutherlandi<\/jats:italic>\n n. sp.,\n Se. sylvatica<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. tambori<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Se. gemmea<\/jats:italic>\n -like (\n Se<\/jats:italic>\n . sp 1) and\n Grassomyia indica<\/jats:italic>\n . The highest diversity of sandflies was found in karstic areas where sandflies were collected from cave and peri-cave areas. One new sandfly species,\n Se. sutherlandi<\/jats:italic>\n n. sp. is described. We also report for the first time in Southeast Asia a\n Phlebotomus<\/jats:italic>\n female belonging to the subgenus\n Adlerius<\/jats:italic>\n and we also discuss about the taxonomy of\n Sergentomyia brevicaulis<\/jats:italic>\n . Although no\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n DNA was detected from screened sandflies, unknown\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n species were detected from 24 individual sandflies:\n Chinius eunicegalatiae<\/jats:italic>\n (n\u2009=\u200922) and\n Idiophlebotomus longiforceps<\/jats:italic>\n (n\u2009=\u20092) using a PCR assay that was primarily meant to screen for\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study reveals a notable diversity of sandfly species across seven provinces in Laos, with the highest species richness observed in karstic cave environments. While no\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n DNA was detected, the unexpected identification of unknown\n Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n species in\n Chinius eunicegalatiae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Idiophlebotomus longiforceps<\/jats:italic>\n suggests the potential presence of unrecognized trypanosomatid in the region. These findings underscore the need for broader geographic surveillance and increased sampling efforts to improve our understanding of sandfly ecology and the pathogens they may carry in Laos.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T19:02:06Z","timestamp":1767380526000},"page":"e0013641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of Phlebotomine sandflies in Laos from 2014\u20132024: Inventory, description of a new species, screening for Leishmania and detection of Trypanosoma"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4844-8547","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khamsing","family":"Vongphayloth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamalee","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodi M.","family":"Fiorenzano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Cote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina V.","family":"Etobayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aphaphone","family":"Adsamouth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaithong","family":"Lakeomany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veaky","family":"Vungkyly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phonesavanh","family":"Luangamath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somsanith","family":"Chonephetsarath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fano Jos\u00e9","family":"Randrianambinintsoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Letizia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Buchy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul T.","family":"Brey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Depaquit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013641.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.06.005","article-title":"Drivers for the emergence and re-emergence of vector-borne protozoal and bacterial diseases","volume":"35","author":"S Harrus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013641.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.117470","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases in Southeast Asia","volume":"50","author":"AP Dash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013641.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1990.tb00255.x","article-title":"Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review","volume":"4","author":"R Killick-Kendrick","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013641.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349","article-title":"A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania parasites and Sandflies","volume":"10","author":"M Akhoundi","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013641.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2025039","article-title":"A review of Leishmania infections in American Phlebotomine sand flies - 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