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We describe the temporal and spatial pattern of malaria and mining in indigenous lands and quantify the impact of mining on malaria among the Yanomami. We estimate that a 1% increase in the annual mining area was associated with a 24% (95% CrI: 17%, 32%) increase in monthly malaria cases in the Yanomami. Also, malaria cases in 2022 in the Yanomami were likely underreported by 83%, and an estimated excess of 102,870 malaria cases occurred from 2018 to 2023 due to increased mining activity (an additional cost to the public health system of approximately US$6.9 million). 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