{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T18:20:56Z","timestamp":1783621256746,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013687","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000}}],"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alcohol consumption in Cameroon is approximately twice the African average, and Makenene is a hotspot of\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in the country. Considering that both schistosomiasis mansoni and alcohol abuse can induce liver pathology, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and alcohol abuse comorbidity in Makenene, Cameroon.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Makenene, including 431 adults from four communities.\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      was diagnosed using Kato-Katz (KK) and point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) tests. Participants were considered\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      -positive if either test was positive. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to determine the alcohol dependence score (ADS). Sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors were also recorded. The prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 19.6% (95% CI: 15.7\u201324.0) by KK and 66.1% (95% CI: 58.8\u201373.3) by POC-CCA, yielding a prevalence of 34.6% (95% CI: 30.2 \u2013 39.0) in the study population. The prevalence of alcohol abuse was 54.3% (95% CI: 49.4\u201358.7).\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and alcohol abuse comorbidity prevalence was 17.4% (95% CI: 13.9 \u2013 21.1). Independent predictors of this comorbidity included the community of residence, with the risk being nearly fivefold higher in Baloua (AOR\u2009=\u20094.99; 95% CI: 2.36\u201310.56; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and over twofold higher in Carri\u00e8re (AOR\u2009=\u20092.37; 95% CI: 1.19\u20134.70; p\u2009=\u20090.013). Furthermore, regular consumption of palm wine (AOR\u2009=\u20092.72; 95% CI: 1.39\u20135.34; p\u2009=\u20090.003) and beer (AOR\u2009=\u20092.00; 95% CI: 1.06\u20133.80; p\u2009=\u20090.032), as well as, being aged 18\u201339 years (AOR\u2009=\u20091.88; 95% CI: 1.02\u20133.46; p\u2009=\u20090.042), were also identified as significant independent factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study confirms\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      endemicity in Makenene and reveals a high prevalence of alcohol misuse, highlighting the comorbidity. These findings call for integrated interventions targeting both schistosomiasis transmission and harmful alcohol use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:43:47Z","timestamp":1783359827000},"page":"e0013687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Schistosomiasis mansoni and alcohol abuse comorbidity: Prevalence and risk factors among adults in Makenene, Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Emmanuelle S.","family":"Yimgoua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian M.","family":"Kenfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor G.","family":"Feussom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B.","family":"Fassi-Kadji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilienne T.","family":"Nkondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich M.","family":"Femoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louis-Albert Tchuem","family":"Tchuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-8570","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hermine B.","family":"Jatsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref001","volume-title":"Guideline on control and elimination of human schistosomiasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"48","key":"pntd.0013687.ref002","first-page":"621","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: progress report, 2021","volume":"97","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"51","key":"pntd.0013687.ref003","first-page":"667","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: progress report, 2022","volume":"98","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"48","key":"pntd.0013687.ref004","first-page":"707","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases: progress report","volume":"99","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013687.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1869799","article-title":"The use of non-pharmaceutical interventions for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"B Manjang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref006","volume-title":"National Program for the Control of Schistosomiasis and Intestinal Helminthiasis: 2003\u20132019 Progress Report","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013687.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001553","article-title":"Mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in the regions of centre, East and West Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"L-A Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013687.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009569","article-title":"Field assessment in Cameroon of a reader of POC-CCA lateral flow strips for the quantification of Schistosoma mansoni circulating cathodic antigen in urine","volume":"15","author":"EM Mewamba","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013687.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10102022","article-title":"Schistosomiasis Mansoni-Recruited Eosinophils: An Overview in the Granuloma Context","volume":"10","author":"KK Malta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013687.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071425","article-title":"Autophagy, Oxidative Stress, and Alcoholic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Potential Clinical Applications","volume":"12","author":"D Salete-Granado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013687.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gande.2025.01.003","article-title":"Alcohol-associated liver disease: A review","volume":"3","author":"D Nagarjuna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Endosc"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013687.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.02.012","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and its association with chronic kidney disease: Evidence from a 12-year China health and Nutrition Survey","volume":"32","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref013","volume-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013687.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040346","article-title":"Harmful Use of Alcohol: A Shadow over Sub-Saharan Africa in Need of Workable Solutions","volume":"14","author":"C Ferreira-Borges","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013687.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16514","article-title":"Alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"H Belete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02781","article-title":"Host Regulators of Liver Fibrosis During Human Schistosomiasis","volume":"9","author":"SD Kamdem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2022.108388","article-title":"Impact of acute schistosomiasis mansoni and long-term ethanol intake on mouse liver pathology","volume":"242","author":"L Brand\u00e3o-Bezerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2025.107775","article-title":"The synergistic impact of ethanol consumption and Schistosoma mansoni infection on renal histopathology in mice","volume":"270","author":"JL Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2025.e00410","article-title":"Residual transmission of schistosomiasis in Ndikinimeki Health District (Centre Region, Cameroon) despite implementation of complementary control strategies: Prospects for elimination","volume":"28","author":"H Kengne Fogang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013687.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010852","article-title":"Fine-scale mapping of Schistosoma mansoni infections and infection intensities in sub-districts of Makenene in the Centre region of Cameroon","volume":"16","author":"EM Mewamba","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013687.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.42.561","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis in Cameroon. I. Distribution of schistosomiasis","volume":"42","author":"RC Ratard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref022","volume-title":"Brief intervention for hazardous and harmful drinking: A manual for use in primary care","author":"TF Babor","year":"2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013687.ref023","first-page":"37","article-title":"Outils de mesure utilis\u00e9s pour \u00e9valuer la consommation d\u2019alcool, de tabac et de cannabis chez la femme enceinte (questionnaires et marqueurs biologiques)","volume":"12","author":"S Lamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatr Sci Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013687.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.2.117","article-title":"Motivations for alcohol use among adolescents: Development and validation of a four-factor model","volume":"6","author":"ML Cooper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013687.ref025","first-page":"397","article-title":"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni","volume":"14","author":"N Katz","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref026","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17439","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children in Kersa District, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"H Aliyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005637","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1005637","article-title":"Prevalence of S. mansoni Infection and Associated Risk Factors among School Children in Guangua District, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"2022","author":"B Tazebew","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013687.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280180","article-title":"Burden and risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children: A quantitative school-based cross-sectional survey in Busega district, Northern Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"G Ogweno","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013687.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2024.244","article-title":"Risk factors for schistosomiasis","volume":"24","author":"ML Nelwan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013687.ref031","first-page":"110","article-title":"Prevalence and Risk Factors for Schistosomiasis among Schoolchildren in two Settings of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"4","author":"EK Angora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013687.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010728","article-title":"Hematological and Biochemical changes in Schistosoma mansoni infected patients at Haik Primary Hospital, North-East Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"H Bisetegn","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2023.e00319","article-title":"Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the town of Manjo, littoral - Region,Cameroon","volume":"22","author":"Y Cedric","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiol Control"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref034","first-page":"8674934","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors associated to Schistosoma mansoni infection among patients attending the Saint Jean de Malte Hospital, Njombe, Littoral Region, Cameroon","volume":"2023","author":"AF Ngwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013687.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012691","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection, and contributing factors in Alamata district of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia","volume":"18","author":"G Bugssa","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013687.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013328","article-title":"Remapping parasite landscapes: Nationwide prevalence, intensity and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Rwanda","volume":"19","author":"L Nshimiyimana","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102855","article-title":"Prevalence of human Schistosoma mansoni infection in endemic regions (2010-2024): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"A Tavakoli Pirzaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013687.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004726","article-title":"Human Schistosoma exposure risk in rice fields and an exploration of fish species for snail and schistosomiasis biocontrol","volume":"5","author":"A Sack","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref039","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.47577\/tssj.v25i1.5011","article-title":"Accessibility of alcohol as a risk factor contributing towards alcohol abuse amongst the youth of a selected rural community in Limpopo Province, South Africa","volume":"25","author":"E Rabotata","year":"2021","journal-title":"TSSJ"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2024.103362","article-title":"Does geographic availability of alcohol influence drinking in adolescents? A systematic review of literature associations","volume":"90","author":"I Mart\u00edn-Turrero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013687.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agae089","article-title":"Psychosocial factors behind addiction-a six-wave longitudinal comparison of at-risk gambling and drinking","volume":"60","author":"S Hautam\u00e4ki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013687.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-05260-6","article-title":"Prevalence and psycho-social factors associated with alcohol use among primary school-going children aged 6 to 13 years in Mbale district, Uganda: a cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"JS Nalugya","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013687.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.14457","article-title":"Alcohol Availability, Cost, Age of First Drink, and Its Association with At-Risk Alcohol Use in Moshi, Tanzania","volume":"44","author":"CA Staton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013687.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI176345","article-title":"Alcohol-associated liver disease","volume":"134","author":"B Mackowiak","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013687.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15579883221130193","DOI":"10.1177\/15579883221130193","article-title":"Self-Report on Men\u2019s Beliefs and Perceptions on Their Alcohol Use\/Misuse in Southeast Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"IA Nwosu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013687.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0002382","article-title":"\u201cWhen a man drinks alcohol it\u2019s cool but when a woman drinks she is a hoe\u201d: A qualitative exploration of alcohol, gender, stigma, and sexual assault in Moshi, Tanzania","volume":"4","author":"A Pauley","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013687.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2024.2419540","article-title":"A narrative review on alcohol use in women: insight into the telescoping hypothesis from a biopsychosocial perspective","volume":"51","author":"DE Kirsch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013687.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-025-01571-9","article-title":"The Stigma of Alcohol Use Among Young Women in a Mediterranean Drinking Culture: A Qualitative Study","volume":"91","author":"G Aresi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref050","first-page":"219","article-title":"Stigmatization of women who consume alcohol in a rural indigenous community in Central Mexico","author":"M Tiburcio","year":"2025","journal-title":"book section"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013687.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9093245","article-title":"Hazardous and harmful alcohol use and associated factors in tuberculosis public primary care patients in South Africa","volume":"9","author":"K Peltzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref052","first-page":"4872473","article-title":"Strongyloides stercoralis Infection in Alcoholic Patients","volume":"2016","author":"MCA Teixeira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101754","article-title":"Understanding Strongyloides Stercoralis infection and its relationship to chronic alcohol abuse: Understanding pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies","volume":"13","author":"RK Pillai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013687.ref054","article-title":"Impact of Alcohol on Inflammation, Immunity, Infections, and Extracellular Vesicles in Pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"J Tharmalingam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013687.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301735","article-title":"Predicting harmful alcohol use prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa between 2015 and 2019: Evidence from population-based HIV impact assessment","volume":"19","author":"M Goma","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S526190","article-title":"Addressing High Alcohol Consumption and Alcohol Use Disorders Among Adolescents and Young People in Sub-Saharan Africa: Pathways to Effective Action","volume":"16","author":"M Turyasiima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Rehabil"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0815","article-title":"Discovering, Defining, and Summarizing Persistent Hotspots in SCORE Studies","volume":"103","author":"N Kittur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013687.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04188-x","article-title":"Characteristics of persistent hotspots of Schistosoma mansoni in western C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"13","author":"RK Assar\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013687.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v38.1.05","article-title":"Social and Cultural Contexts of Alcohol Use: Influences in a Social-Ecological Framework","volume":"38","author":"M Sudhinaraset","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013687.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.002","article-title":"Why do young people drink? A review of drinking motives","volume":"25","author":"E Kuntsche","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0013687.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914372","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.914372","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of Praziquantel Metabolism: Evaluating the Cytochrome P450 Genes of Zimbabwean Patients During a Schistosomiasis Treatment","volume":"13","author":"G Zdesenko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013687.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15010020","article-title":"Effects of Chronic Alcohol Intake on the Composition of the Ensemble of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in the Human Liver","volume":"15","author":"KA Gaither","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Xenobiot"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013687","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013687","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T17:57:43Z","timestamp":1783619863000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013687"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hugues C.","family":"Nana Djeunga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013687","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]}}}