{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T03:41:11Z","timestamp":1780717271986,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Syria\u2019s conflict has forced more than half its populations from their homes, decimated its health system and water and sanitation infrastructure, leading to an increase in communicable diseases, particularly vector-borne diseases (VBDs.) This systematic review explores the epidemiological burden and geographical distribution of VBDs in Syria and neighbouring, refugee-hosting countries following the onset of the Syrian uprisings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four databases were searched using appropriate MeSH terms. Included studies reported on data collected between March 2011 and May 2024 on VBD-affected populations in Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon or Iraq. Data were extracted, study quality assessed, and findings synthesized in narrative form.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>33 studies were included; all but one reported on leishmaniasis, the exception reported on malaria. 16 were from Turkey, nine from Lebanon, five from Syria and three from Jordan. Data showed an increase over time in the numbers of reported leishmaniasis cases and geographical spread as well as barriers to healthcare access for Syrian refugees.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this systematic review, Leishmania was the primary VBD described in this context. Studies from country-specific health ministries mostly reported data whereas smaller studies added more granular information including around healthcare access. Additional studies are needed to identify vector reservoir populations and to investigate the burden of other VBDs in this region.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T18:31:52Z","timestamp":1764181912000},"page":"e0013721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vector-borne diseases and the Syrian conflict: A systematic review of literature from Syria and neighbouring, refugee-hosting countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8933-2348","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jack","family":"Carew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remi","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timesh D.","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Toalster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pylin","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7049-8399","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aula","family":"Abbara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref001","unstructured":"BBC. Syria: The story of the conflict. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-26116868"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref002","unstructured":"UNHCR Data Portal. Syrian Regional Refugee Response. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/data.unhcr.org\/en\/situations\/syria"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref003","unstructured":"Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. Syria. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.internal-displacement.org\/countries\/syria"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref004","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. Most displaced Syrians are in the Middle East, and about a million are in Europe. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2018\/01\/29\/where-displaced-syrians-have-resettled\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref005","unstructured":"UNHCR. Operational Portal Refugee Situations Syria. [cited 23 Jun 2024]"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref006","unstructured":"ReliefWeb. 2016 Humanitarian Needs Overview: Syrian Arab Republic. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/2016-humanitarian-needs-overview-syrian-arab-republic"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref007","unstructured":"Syria Public Health Network. Policy Report: COVID-19 situation in Syria and possible policy responses. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.humanmovement.cam.ac.uk\/files\/policybrief-covid-19"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref008","unstructured":"Physicians for Human Rights. Physicians for Human Rights\u2019 Findings of Attacks on Health Care in Syria. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/syriamap.phr.org\/#\/en\/findings"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref009","unstructured":"ReliefWeb. The impacts of explosive violence on healthcare infrastructure in Syria. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/impacts-explosive-violence-healthcare-infrastructure-syria"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013721.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2016.1177457","article-title":"The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases","volume":"14","author":"R Ozaras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref011","unstructured":"Mercy Corps. The facts: What you need to know about the Syrian crisis. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/europe.mercycorps.org\/en-gb\/blog\/quick-facts-syria-crisis#start-syria-crisis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref012","unstructured":"Center for Global Health Science and Security. Infectious Diseases, Conflict and Humanitarian Crises. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/ghss.georgetown.edu\/idconflict\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013721.ref013","first-page":"1034","article-title":"The multi-epidemics in Yemen: the ugly face of the war","volume":"3","author":"ASB Ghouth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.04.023","article-title":"Revisiting leishmaniasis in the time of war: the Syrian conflict and the Lebanese outbreak","volume":"29","author":"A Alawieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013721.ref015","article-title":"War and infectious diseases: challenges of the Syrian civil war","volume":"10","author":"SL Sharara","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.12927\/whp.2015.24318","article-title":"The effect of the conflict on Syria\u2019s health system and human resources for health","volume":"16","author":"A Abbara","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Health Popul"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013721.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.26719\/2012.18.12.1229","article-title":"Delivery of health services in Arab countries: a review","volume":"18","author":"NM Kronfol","year":"2012","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref018","unstructured":"Tayeh A, Jalouk L, Al-Khiami AM, World Health Organization. A cutaneous leishmaniasis control trial using pyrethroid-impregnated bednets in villages near Aleppo, Syria. World Health Organization. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/63792"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Syrian Arab Republic. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/resources\/SYRIAN_ARAB_REPUBLIC.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013721.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1988","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: clinical features, current status and the effects of war","volume":"95","author":"K Hayani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.11.376","article-title":"Gap analysis of leishmaniasis detection, prevention, and response lessons learned for vectorborne diseases in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan","volume":"53","author":"KA Kanani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail SA, Abbara A, Collin SM, Orcutt M, Coutts AP, Maziak W, et al. Communicable disease surveillance and control in the context of conflict and mass displacement in Syria. 2016. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1201971216310542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.011"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-019-0211-3","article-title":"Assessment of the health needs of Syrian refugees in Lebanon and Syria\u2019s neighboring countries","volume":"13","author":"N El Arnaout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013721.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2411.172146","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Northern Syria during Civil War","volume":"24","author":"K Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013721.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007827","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria: A review of available data during the war years: 2011-2018","volume":"13","author":"G Muhjazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref026","unstructured":"Doctors of the World. Syria. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/doctorsoftheworld.org\/project\/syria\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref027","unstructured":"International Committee of the Red Cross. ICRC Annual Report 2018 Near and Middle East. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/data\/files\/annual-report-2018\/icrc-annual-report-near-me-na_2018.pdf"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013721.ref028","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"PRISMA Group","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref029","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Vector-borne diseases. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/vector-borne-diseases"},{"issue":"9910","key":"pntd.0013721.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62691-4","article-title":"An early warning and response system for Syria","volume":"382","author":"G Muhjazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref031","unstructured":"Effective Public Healthcare Panacea Project. Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ephpp.ca\/quality-assessment-tool-for-quantitative-studies\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013721.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt119","article-title":"The emergence of Leishmania major and Leishmania donovani in southern Turkey","volume":"108","author":"IS Koltas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013721.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0090","article-title":"A Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Syrian and Turkish Patients with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis","volume":"93","author":"E Turan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013721.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12745","article-title":"Old World Leishmaniasis: an ancient disease with nonstandardized microscopic and clinical classifications","volume":"43","author":"E Zgheib","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013721.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-016-3978-5","article-title":"Head and neck cutaneous leishmania: clinical characteristics, microscopic features and molecular analysis in a cohort of 168 cases","volume":"273","author":"G Dunya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.10.019","article-title":"The new situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis after Syrian civil war in Gaziantep city, Southeastern region of Turkey","volume":"166","author":"A \u00d6zkeklik\u00e7i","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013721.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060516677155","article-title":"Genotyping Leishmania promastigotes isolated from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in south-eastern Turkey","volume":"45","author":"F Ek\u015fi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013721.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-017-0556-1","article-title":"Molecular identification of Leishmania spp. isolates causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sanliurfa Province, Turkey, where CL is highly endemic","volume":"63","author":"G Gurses","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol (Praha)"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2019.01.026","article-title":"The increase in neglected cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gaziantep province of Turkey after mass human migration","volume":"192","author":"F Eroglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.001","article-title":"The current clinical and geographical situation of cutaneous leishmaniasis based on species identification in Turkey","volume":"190","author":"A \u00d6zbilgin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013721.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06222-z","article-title":"Detection, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania isolates collected from infected Jordanian residents and Syrian refugees who suffered from cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"118","author":"KJF Hijawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013721.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06392-w","article-title":"The impact of refugees on leishmaniasis in Turkey: a new Syrian\/Turkish Leishmania tropica population structure described by multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT)","volume":"118","author":"M Karaku\u015f","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-020-00227-w","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis due to Three Leishmania Species Among Syrian Refugees in Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey","volume":"65","author":"N Yentur Doni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.5152\/tpd.2017.5118","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Pediatric Patients in a Single Tertiary Hospital in Ankara","volume":"41","author":"A Kaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013721.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.120367","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological characteristics of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Sanliurfa City of Turkey including Syrian refugees","volume":"56","author":"S Ko\u00e7arslan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013721.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2010.140288","article-title":"Ongoing epidemic of cutaneous leishmaniasis among Syrian refugees, Lebanon","volume":"20","author":"M Saroufim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.893977","article-title":"Effect of the Syrian Civil War on Prevalence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey","volume":"21","author":"R Inci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4103\/ajm.AJM_67_17","article-title":"A new primary health-care system in the Syrian opposition territories: Good effort but far from being perfect","volume":"7","author":"T Alsaied","year":"2017","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med"},{"issue":"05","key":"pntd.0013721.ref049","article-title":"Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in Lattakia City among last Ten Years (2006-2016)","volume":"07","author":"M Hawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013721.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0778","article-title":"Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniases in a City in Syria and the Effects of the Syrian Conflict","volume":"101","author":"A Youssef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013721.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.5336\/medsci.2018-63210","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Evaluation of 117 Syrian Immigrants","volume":"39","author":"N Karaosmano\u011flu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013721.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/14439","article-title":"Trend of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Jordan From 2010 to 2016: Retrospective Study","volume":"6","author":"M Alhawarat","year":"2020","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.4274\/tpd.galenos.2023.99815","article-title":"Unpleasant Souvenir: Imported Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in T\u00fcrkiye","volume":"47","author":"A \u00d6zbilgin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turkiye Parazitol Derg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00395-3","article-title":"The Association Between the Syrian Crisis and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Lebanon","volume":"66","author":"NA Bizri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013721.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2021.200","article-title":"The Burden of Communicable Diseases in Lebanon: Trends in the Past Decade","volume":"16","author":"S Hammoud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013721.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia4030026","article-title":"Communicable Disease Surveillance in Lebanon during the Syrian Humanitarian Crisis, 2013-2019","volume":"4","author":"Z Farah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiologia (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013721.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3166\/bspe-2019-0057","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis among Syrian Refugees in Jordan: a Retrospective Study","volume":"111","author":"ZS Amr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013721.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trz030","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in north Lebanon: re-emergence of an important neglected tropical disease","volume":"113","author":"D El Safadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013721.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-019-00139-4","article-title":"Refugees at the Crossroads of Continents: A Molecular Approach for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Among Refugees in Turkey","volume":"65","author":"A \u00d6zbilgin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013721.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2017.9.21025","article-title":"Detection and identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis isolates by culture, Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analyses in Syrian and Central Anatolia patients","volume":"38","author":"YE Beyhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013721.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.180019","article-title":"Fatal Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania infantum, Lebanon","volume":"24","author":"R El Hajj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013721.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2004.01605.x","article-title":"The psychological impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"29","author":"M Yanik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref063","unstructured":"Tabbaa D, El-Ibraheem J, Turkumani A. Epidemiological study of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Syria. Cairo University Scholars. [cited 2020 May 21]. Available from: https:\/\/scholar.cu.edu.eg\/?q=rhfayed\/files\/064_.pdf"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.09.1453","article-title":"Increase in vector-borne disease reporting affecting humans and animals in Syria and neighboring countries after the onset of conflict: A ProMED analysis 2003-2018","volume":"102","author":"MC Tarnas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2022.2133452","article-title":"Prevalence of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"M Karami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref066","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Leishmaniasis fact-sheet. [cited 2022 Sep 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/leishmaniasis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref067","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the World Health Organization Eastern Mediterranean Region","author":"JAR Postigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref068","unstructured":"Asylum in Europe. Health Care Turkey. [cited 2020 May 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.asylumineurope.org\/reports\/country\/turkey\/health-care-0"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref069","unstructured":"UNICEF. Emergencies: Syrian crisis. [cited 2024 Jun 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/emergencies\/syrian-crisis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref070","unstructured":"ReliefWeb. Syrian refugee access to healthcare in Lebanon. [cited 2020 May 21]. Available from: https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/lebanon\/syrian-refugee-access-healthcare-lebanon"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref071","unstructured":"Curomo MJ. Vector-Borne Disease Ecology of the Middle East. Tulane University. [cited 2022 Sep 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.patologi.com\/MiddleEast_Vector-Borne_Disease_Ecology.pdf"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1104.040945","article-title":"Social impact of leishmaniasis, Afghanistan","volume":"11","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S106068","article-title":"The Lebanese-Syrian crisis: impact of influx of Syrian refugees to an already weak state","volume":"9","author":"Z Cherri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013721.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbrev.2018.11.001","article-title":"Impact of the Syrian refugee influx on Turkish native workers: An ethnic enclave approach","volume":"18","author":"YK Ba\u011f\u0131r","year":"2018","journal-title":"Central Bank Rev"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref075","unstructured":"Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Population Profile: Syrian Refugees. [cited 2022 Sep 11]. Available from: https:\/\/cpa.ca\/docs\/File\/Cultural\/EN%20Syrian%20Population%20Profile.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013721.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.160042","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis and conflict in Syria","volume":"22","author":"WS Al-Salem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref077","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Leishmaniasis The Vector. [cited 2022 Sep 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/leishmaniasis\/disease\/vector\/en\/"},{"key":"pntd.0013721.ref078","unstructured":"EMRO WHO. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Factsheet. [cited 2022 Sep 11]. Available from: http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/neglected-tropical-diseases\/information-resources-leishmaniasis\/cl-factsheet.html"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T18:32:02Z","timestamp":1764181922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013721"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brice","family":"Rotureau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013721","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}}}