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Despite this situation, currently available diagnostic and therapeutic methods display serious limitations. A promising strategy to improve ChD serodiagnosis involves targeting parasite carbohydrate antigens, particularly the \u03b1-galactosyl\u2013rich mucins that coat the surface of bloodstream trypomastigotes (tGPI-mucins).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/Principle Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here, we present a concise and efficient protocol for the chemical synthesis of a tGPI-mucin\u2013derived glycotope, the disaccharide \u03b1-D-Gal\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -(1\u2009\u2192\u20093)-\u03b2-D-Gal\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and its functional conjugation to different scaffolds using the squarate method. A neoglycoprotein made upon a bovine serum albumin (BSA) carrier decorated with \u223c38 units of the disaccharide, termed BSA-Di, was interrogated with sera of chronic ChD patients and healthy individuals from Argentina using an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). BSA-Di exhibited excellent sensitivity and effectively discriminated between ChD-positive and negative sera with high accuracy (AUC\u2009=\u20090.905), though its specificity was partially affected by cross-reactivity of some non-ChD sera containing natural \u03b1-Gal antibodies. Conjugation of \u03b1-D-Gal\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -(1\u2009\u2192\u20093)-\u03b2-D-Gal\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      to\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      antigenic peptides, instead of BSA, corroborated these findings and enabled the generation of bivalent ChD diagnostic reagents combining glycan- and peptide-based epitopes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, our results identify \u03b1-D-Gal\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -(1\u2009\u2192\u20093)-\u03b2-D-Gal\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      as a robust and reliable biomarker of\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. The methodologies and tools described here, together with optimized derivatives, are expected to positively impact ChD serological applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:40:11Z","timestamp":1770748811000},"page":"e0013728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Conjugates of \u03b1-d-Galp-(1\u21923)-\u03b2-d-Galp for the serological diagnosis of Chagas disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Virginia","family":"Balouz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosana","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Conte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Abal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Ducrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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