{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:21:15Z","timestamp":1790122875081,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013768","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000}}],"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the NSFC-Yunnan Joint Fund","award":["Grant No. U2202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. U2202201"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["Grant Nos. 2021YFC2300800 and 2021YFC2300802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant Nos. 2021YFC2300800 and 2021YFC2300802"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZR2025MS501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZR2025MS501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Key Lab oratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province Foundation","award":["No.KLVPGP202502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.KLVPGP202502"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection disrupts the gut microbiota and host systemic metabolism, which plays a key role in the pathophysiology of toxoplasmosis. To investigate these interactions, we conducted metagenomic sequencing and untargeted serum metabolomics on 18 Sprague-Dawley rats across control, acute, and chronic stages of infection.\n                    <jats:italic>De novo<\/jats:italic>\n                    assembly of 148 Gb of high-quality reads produced a comprehensive non-redundant microbial gene catalog comprising over 5.7 million genes. Infection led to a marked reduction in microbial diversity and significant shifts in community structure. Chronic infection, in particular, was characterized by the enrichment of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus intestinalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , alongside a marked depletion of\n                    <jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rothia nasimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These compositional changes coincided with reduced abundance of carbohydrate-active enzymes, suggesting impaired microbial metabolic capacity. Pathway analysis revealed distinct, stage- and gut-region-specific metabolic disruptions, including suppressed amino acid and energy metabolism, and enhanced glycan and carbohydrate pathways during chronic infection. Untargeted LC-MS\/MS profiling uncovered 883 differentially abundant serum metabolites, enriched in pathways related to amino acid metabolism, bile acid transformation, and aromatic compound processing. Importantly,\n                    <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    were positively correlated with metabolites implicated in immune modulation and oxidative stress response, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>A. muciniphila<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed negative associations. These findings demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection orchestrates a coordinated host\u2013microbiota\u2013metabolome network, advancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and pointing to novel microbial and metabolic targets for therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T18:38:12Z","timestamp":1764095892000},"page":"e0013768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toxoplasma gondii disrupts intestinal microbiota and host metabolism in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ji-Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Bin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Chen","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Qian","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu-Yao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng-Ting","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Long","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany M.","family":"Elsheikha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4789-7259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao-Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9425","key":"pntd.0013768.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"JG Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109145","article-title":"All about toxoplasmosis in cats: the last decade","volume":"283","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420092370","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013768.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.05013-11","article-title":"Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis","volume":"25","author":"F Robert-Gangneux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013768.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22432a","article-title":"Murine ileitis after intracellular parasite infection is controlled by TGF-beta-producing intraepithelial lymphocytes","volume":"120","author":"D Buzoni-Gatel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013768.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"90","author":"I Sekirov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013768.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2974","article-title":"The gut microbiota--masters of host development and physiology","volume":"11","author":"F Sommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013768.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","article-title":"Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease","volume":"30","author":"D Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013768.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"5","author":"R Corr\u00eaa-Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunology"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref010","first-page":"9830939","article-title":"Intestinal Immunomodulatory Cells (T Lymphocytes): A Bridge between Gut Microbiota and Diabetes","volume":"2018","author":"Q Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00432","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"9","author":"MC Opazo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pntd.0013768.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aao1603","article-title":"Causal effects of the microbiota on immune-mediated diseases","volume":"3","author":"JL Round","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013768.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8785","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.12.8785","article-title":"Gram-negative bacteria aggravate murine small intestinal Th1-type immunopathology following oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"177","author":"MM Heimesaat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013768.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2508","article-title":"Parasite-induced TH1 cells and intestinal dysbiosis cooperate in IFN-\u03b3-dependent elimination of Paneth cells","volume":"14","author":"M Raetz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013768.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0005-8","article-title":"Interleukin-22-deficiency and microbiota contribute to the exacerbation of Toxoplasma gondii-induced intestinal inflammation","volume":"11","author":"A Couturier-Maillard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013768.ref016","article-title":"Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, sphingolipid, and phosphatidylcholine metabolism are dysregulated in T. gondii infection-induced cachexia","volume":"9","author":"T-Y Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01555","article-title":"Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics Reveals Metabolic Alterations in the Mouse Cerebellum During Toxoplasma gondii Infection","volume":"11","author":"J Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800100-4.00003-9","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in health and disease","volume":"121","author":"J Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06349-8","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota imbalance resulted by anti-Toxoplasma gondii immune responses aggravate gut and brain injury","volume":"17","author":"J Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391535","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2391535","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediates anxiety-like behaviors induced by chronic infection of Toxoplasma gondii in mice","volume":"16","author":"X Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01681-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota-related metabolite alpha-linolenic acid mitigates intestinal inflammation induced by oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"11","author":"J Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05454-x","article-title":"Study on the effect of koumiss on the intestinal microbiota of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"X Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03852-5","article-title":"Interaction between the liver transcriptome and gut microbiota in mice during Toxoplasma gondii infection as identified by integrated transcriptomic and microbiome analysis","volume":"25","author":"Y Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013768.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1334033","article-title":"Fecal microbiota variation across the lifespan of the healthy laboratory rat","volume":"8","author":"B Flemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013768.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156255","article-title":"Experimental Toxoplasmosis in Rats Induced Orally with Eleven Strains of Toxoplasma gondii of Seven Genotypes: Tissue Tropism, Tissue Cyst Size, Neural Lesions, Tissue Cyst Rupture without Reactivation, and Ocular Lesions","volume":"11","author":"JP Dubey","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref026","article-title":"Changes of gut microbiota structure in rats infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"12","author":"Q-B Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0013768.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16552","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition does not associate with toxoplasma infection in rats","volume":"31","author":"PL Taggart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Ecology"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02316","article-title":"Differential Brain MicroRNA Expression Profiles After Acute and Chronic Infection of Mice With Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts","volume":"9","author":"R-S Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pntd.0013768.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13040-014-0034-0","article-title":"Performance of genetic programming optimised Bowtie2 on genome comparison and analytic testing (GCAT) benchmarks","volume":"8","author":"WB Langdon","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioData Min"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013768.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"D Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-119","article-title":"Prodigal: prokaryotic gene recognition and translation initiation site identification","volume":"11","author":"D Hyatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0013768.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7762","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv784","article-title":"High speed BLASTN: an accelerated MegaBLAST search tool","volume":"43","author":"Y Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes","volume":"28","author":"M Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1178","article-title":"The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013","volume":"42","author":"V Lombard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3176","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","volume":"12","author":"B Buchfink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013768.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1021\/ac8019366","article-title":"Development of a robust and repeatable UPLC-MS method for the long-term metabolomic study of human serum","volume":"81","author":"E Zelena","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2012.135","article-title":"Global metabolic profiling of animal and human tissues via UPLC-MS","volume":"8","author":"EJ Want","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013768.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo8020031","article-title":"Software Tools and Approaches for Compound Identification of LC-MS\/MS Data in Metabolomics","volume":"8","author":"I Bla\u017eenovi\u0107","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013768.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02228.x","article-title":"VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology","volume":"14","author":"P Dixon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Vegetation Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013768.ref041","article-title":"Complex heatmap visualization","volume":"1","author":"Z Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013768.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2746","article-title":"How glycan metabolism shapes the human gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"NM Koropatkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013768.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897","article-title":"Microbial degradation of complex carbohydrates in the gut","volume":"3","author":"HJ Flint","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.04.008","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota contribute to cognitive deficits induced by chronic infection of Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"119","author":"X Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156397","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1156397","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into the composition and function of the gut microbiota of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"14","author":"J-X Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13589","article-title":"Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota","volume":"19","author":"P Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013768.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From Dietary Fiber to Host Physiology: Short-Chain Fatty Acids as Key Bacterial Metabolites","volume":"165","author":"A Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013768.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006362","article-title":"Host lipid droplets: An important source of lipids salvaged by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"13","author":"SJ Nolan","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22956-w","article-title":"Toxoplasma LIPIN is essential in channeling host lipid fluxes through membrane biogenesis and lipid storage","volume":"12","author":"S Dass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0013768.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5430","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225430","article-title":"Intestinal Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Terpenes in Experimental Models (2010-2020): A Review","volume":"25","author":"ME Araruna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19557","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19557","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiling of Mice Serum during Toxoplasmosis Progression Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"6","author":"C-X Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00189","article-title":"Hepatic Metabolomics Investigation in Acute and Chronic Murine Toxoplasmosis","volume":"8","author":"X-Q Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013768.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22","volume":"39","author":"T Zelante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013768.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00243.2009","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria and intestinal epithelial barrier function","volume":"298","author":"CL Ohland","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013768.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4236","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice","volume":"23","author":"H Plovier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013768.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308778","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology","volume":"65","author":"MC Dao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"pntd.0013768.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02612","article-title":"Serum Metabolic Profiling of Oocyst-Induced Toxoplasma gondii Acute and Chronic Infections in Mice Using Mass-Spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"C-X Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013768.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316723","article-title":"Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises","volume":"67","author":"PD Cani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013768","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:44:09Z","timestamp":1764787449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013768"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Feng","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013768","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]}}}