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Brain injury promotes Ca\u00b2\u207a influx and mitochondrial Ca\u00b2\u207a loading via voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) and the mitochondrial Ca\u00b2\u207a uniporter (MCU), leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of 3-HBA combined with albendazole on brain injury and the expression of mitochondria-related molecules in\n                      <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -infected mice. In BALB\/c mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the infection significantly increased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression in five regions: the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, subcortical areas, cerebellum, and brainstem and elevated the expression of MCU and cytochrome c in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed pathological changes, such as meningitis, hemorrhage, and vascular congestion. However, combined treatment with 3-HBA and albendazole reduced these pathological changes and the expression of mitochondria-related molecules, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, VDAC1, MCU, and cytochrome c. In cultured mouse astrocytes, soluble antigens from fifth-stage larval-activated astrocytes induced mitochondria-related molecule expression, but 3-HBA suppressed these effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results suggest that the combination of 3-HBA and albendazole downregulates astrocyte activation and VDAC1\/MCU-associated mitochondrial pathways following\n                      <jats:italic>A. cantonensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. These findings support the use of 3-HBA as a promising adjuvant to albendazole in the treatment of angiostrongyliasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T18:33:48Z","timestamp":1764009228000},"page":"e0013773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combination therapy with 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde and Albendazole modulates mitochondrial protein expression in astrocytes after Angiostrongylus cantonensis 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