{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T17:59:51Z","timestamp":1791655191722,"version":"4.3.4"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013781","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000}}],"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005624","name":"Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["390874280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390874280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["390874280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["390874280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-02595"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-02595"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024-03783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-03783"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme","award":["871029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["871029"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hantaviruses are zoonotic viruses that can cause highly pathogenic disease, including hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), in humans with case-fatality rates of up to 50%. However, our understanding of the basic viral life cycle and the underlying causes of viral pathogenesis remains sparse, in large part due to a lack of molecular biology tools for hantaviruses and the need to work in high-containment laboratory facilities with these viruses. The stability and inactivation of hantavirus particles has been examined in some limited previous studies, however, a comprehensive, detailed and robust investigation of the stability of multiple hantaviruses has not been performed yet. Here, we investigated the kinetics of infectious Tula virus (TULV) particle production in Vero E6 cells and subsequent stability in cell culture media. In addition, we evaluated the stability of infectious virus particles in response to different physical and environmental stresses, including heat, freezing, dehydration and UV exposure, answering key questions about the environmental transmission potential of hantaviruses. Interestingly, we observed a remarkable stability of TULV when stored at room temperature or colder, as well as after dehydration, which suggests that hantaviruses could remain infectious for a sustained period of time after being secreted by their host species. Subsequently, we determined the ability of commonly used virus inactivation methods, including RNA and protein extraction buffers, to inactivate TULV both in a cell-free and cell-associated context and found that TULV was efficiently inactivated by all these methods similar to other enveloped RNA viruses. Finally, we successfully validated the complete inactivation using these inactivation methods using the highly pathogenic HCPS-causing New World Andes virus (ANDV) and the HFRS-causing Old World Hantaan virus (HTNV). These results provide valuable information about safe and effective inactivation methods of viral samples and about the environmental risk potential of hantaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:07:49Z","timestamp":1783015669000},"page":"e0013781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hantavirus stability and inactivation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"L\u00e9na","family":"Vandenabeele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Ayanwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pietschmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2661-7837","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Benjamin Erik","family":"Nilsson-Payant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00062-09","article-title":"A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease","volume":"23","author":"CB Jonsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013781.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1305-2","article-title":"Global diversity and distribution of hantaviruses and their hosts","volume":"15","author":"MT Milholland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecohealth"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: pathogenesis and clinical picture","volume":"6","author":"H Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575112","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1575112","article-title":"Puumala orthohantavirus: prevalence, biology, disease, animal models and recent advances in therapeutics development and structural biology","volume":"16","author":"A Tscherne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013781.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2006.04.019","article-title":"Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome: immune response and pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"AA Borges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013781.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-6701(98)90304-8","article-title":"Assessment of person-to-person transmission of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a Chilean hospital setting","volume":"40","author":"J Chaparro","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013781.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050501","article-title":"Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus","volume":"11","author":"VP Martinez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013781.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.190799","article-title":"Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus in Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Argentina, 2014","volume":"26","author":"DO Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013781.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1608.090470","article-title":"Hantavirus infections in humans and animals, China","volume":"16","author":"Y-Z Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584814","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.584814","article-title":"Epidemic trend and molecular evolution of HV family in the main Hantavirus epidemic areas from 2004 to 2016, in P.R. China","volume":"10","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref011","article-title":"Human Orthohantavirus disease prevalence and genotype distribution in the U.S., 2008\u20132020: a retrospective observational study","volume":"37","author":"SLM Whitmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health \u2013 Am"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070610","article-title":"Progress on the prevention and treatment of hantavirus disease","volume":"11","author":"RL Brocato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013781.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000084603","article-title":"Inactivation of Hantaan virus-containing samples for subsequent investigations outside biosafety level 3 facilities","volume":"48","author":"AA Kraus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81643-0","article-title":"Prolonged survival of Puumala hantavirus outside the host: evidence for indirect transmission via the environment","volume":"87","author":"ER Kallio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013781.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02869-06","article-title":"Ex vivo stability of the rodent-borne Hantaan virus in comparison to that of arthropod-borne members of the Bunyaviridae family","volume":"73","author":"J Hardestam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013781.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2006.11.037","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of disinfectants against Puumala hantavirus by real-time RT-PCR","volume":"141","author":"P Maes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1134\/S0003683820090045","article-title":"Effect of virus-inactivating agents on the immunogenicity of Hantavirus vaccines against hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome","volume":"56","author":"MS Egorova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2025.08.010","article-title":"Stability of Andes virus and its inactivation by WHO-recommended hand-rub formulations and surface disinfectants","volume":"166","author":"BE Nilsson-Payant","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013781.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4894","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4894-4897.2003","article-title":"Occurrence of renal and pulmonary syndrome in a region of northeast Germany where Tula hantavirus circulates","volume":"41","author":"B Klempa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013781.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1911.130421","article-title":"Tula hantavirus infection in immunocompromised host, Czech Republic","volume":"19","author":"H Zelen\u00e1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30095","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.50.30095","article-title":"Tula hantavirus infection in a hospitalised patient, France, June 2015","volume":"20","author":"JM Reynes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013781.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2704.203996","article-title":"Tula virus as causative agent of Hantavirus disease in immunocompetent person, Germany","volume":"27","author":"J Hofmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1702(95)00086-0","article-title":"Genetic variation in Tula hantaviruses: sequence analysis of the S and M segments of strains from Central Europe","volume":"39","author":"A Plyusnin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013781.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-77-12-3063","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Tula virus, a distinct serotype in the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae","volume":"77","author":"O Vapalahti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013781.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980425","article-title":"An outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Chile, 1997","volume":"4","author":"J Toro","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013781.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1133","article-title":"A lethal disease model for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome","volume":"289","author":"JW Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013781.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/137.3.298","article-title":"Isolation of the etiologic agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever","volume":"137","author":"HW Lee","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4486","key":"pntd.0013781.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6110243","article-title":"Korean hemorrhagic fever: propagation of the etiologic agent in a cell line of human origin","volume":"211","author":"GR French","year":"1981","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013781.ref029","first-page":"002169","article-title":"Amplification-free detection of zoonotic viruses using Cas13 and multiple CRISPR RNAs","volume":"106","author":"CH Lamb","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013781.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020532","article-title":"Characterization of a panel of cross-reactive hantavirus nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies","volume":"15","author":"A Avi\u017einien\u0117","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013781.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001291","article-title":"Tula orthohantavirus nucleocapsid protein is cleaved in infected cells and may sequester activated caspase-3 during persistent infection to suppress apoptosis","volume":"100","author":"K Davies","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013781.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040457","article-title":"Orthohantavirus isolated in reservoir host cells displays minimal genetic changes and retains wild-type infection properties","volume":"12","author":"T Strandin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013781.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad127","article-title":"Stability and inactivation of monkeypox virus on inanimate surfaces","volume":"228","author":"TL Meister","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15202","article-title":"Enveloped and non-enveloped virus survival on microfiber towels","volume":"11","author":"CE Anderson","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.1c00253","article-title":"Humidity-dependent survival of an airborne influenza A virus: practical implications for controlling airborne viruses","volume":"8","author":"S Niazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013781.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.3390\/v13040598","article-title":"Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated surfaces of personal items with UVC-LED disinfection boxes","volume":"13","author":"M Bormann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0013781.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3721","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00133-16","article-title":"Environmental stability of swine and human pandemic influenza viruses in water under variable conditions of temperature, salinity, and pH","volume":"82","author":"RL Poulson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013781.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11020271","article-title":"Methods of inactivation of highly pathogenic viruses for molecular, serology or vaccine development purposes","volume":"11","author":"S Elveborg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013781.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050663","article-title":"Virucidal approaches for hemorrhagic fever viruses","volume":"17","author":"RW Nims","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix046","article-title":"Virucidal activity of World Health Organization\u2013recommended formulations against enveloped viruses, including Zika, Ebola, and emerging coronaviruses","volume":"215","author":"A Siddharta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy359","article-title":"Susceptibility of Chikungunya virus to inactivation by heat and commercially and World Health Organization-recommended biocides","volume":"218","author":"S Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013781.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012264","article-title":"Inactivation of yellow fever virus by WHO-recommended hand rub formulations and surface disinfectants","volume":"18","author":"TL Meister","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013781.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3390\/v13060968","article-title":"Validation of inactivation methods for arenaviruses","volume":"13","author":"S Olschewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013781.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3390\/v14051052","article-title":"Inactivation methods for experimental Nipah virus infection","volume":"14","author":"L Widerspick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013781.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3096","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2612.200708","article-title":"Autochthonous ratborne Seoul virus infection in woman with acute kidney injury","volume":"26","author":"J Hofmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013781.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(86)93533-4","article-title":"Infection of laboratory workers with hantavirus acquired from immunocytomas propagated in laboratory rats","volume":"12","author":"G Lloyd","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013781","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013781","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T18:02:14Z","timestamp":1783706534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013781"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sara I.","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013781","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}