{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:57:09Z","timestamp":1787021829584,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007156","name":"Innovation and Technology Commission - Hong Kong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Hong Kong Jockey Club Global Health Institute"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002915","name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00c3\u00a9dicale","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ARF202309017577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ARF202309017577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002915","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Skuse), a primary dengue vector in Hong Kong, poses significant challenges to public health due to escalating insecticide resistance in Asia. To address this concern, we evaluated resistance profiles of five field-derived\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations across Hong Kong using WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays. Metabolic detoxification using synergists test with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and target-site mutations referred to as knockdown resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene were characterized to elucidate resistance mechanisms. The results show that\n                    <jats:italic>Ae albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations in Hong Kong exhibited high resistance to commonly used pyrethroids (permethrin, deltamethrin) and the organochlorine dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), as well as emerging resistance to the organophosphate malathion. Resistance to three larvicides, temephos, spinosad, and pyriproxyfen, is likely to be developing, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Bti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) still retains efficacy. Sequencing revealed the F1534S\/L mutation in VGSC Domain III (29.0% mutation frequency), strongly correlated with pyrethroid survivorship. A minor dual mutation (S406T\u2009+\u2009L424H) in Domain I was recorded but showing limited phenotypic association. Synergist assays demonstrated partial or full restoration of pyrethroid susceptibility with PBO, implicating cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic resistance as a co-factor. These findings confirm that\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. albopictus<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Hong Kong has evolved multifaceted resistance mechanisms, driven by both target-site mutations and metabolic detoxification. This study provides critical evidence to optimize local vector control strategies and contributes resistance profiles to the Asia-Pacific region, aiding regional efforts to mitigate dengue transmission risks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:24:16Z","timestamp":1766427856000},"page":"e0013792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insecticide resistance levels, spatial distribution, and kdr mutations in the dengue vector Aedes albopictus of Hong Kong"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Shaolin","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elliott F.","family":"Miot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunshi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munsif Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Rivot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia Tsz-Wing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jehan","family":"Zeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Mei","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsz Him","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brinna E. L.","family":"Barlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastien","family":"Marcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9769-1527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tommy Tsan-Yuk","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013792.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.07.003","article-title":"The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"29","author":"M Bonizzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0376-y","article-title":"Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"4","author":"MUG Kraemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref003","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref004","article-title":"The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus","volume":"4","author":"MUG Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref005","article-title":"Impact of climate and Aedes albopictus establishment on dengue and chikungunya outbreaks in Europe: a time-to-event analysis","volume":"9","author":"Z Farooq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjae125","article-title":"Updated checklist with new records and molecular data for the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Hong Kong","volume":"62","author":"S Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013792.ref007","first-page":"204","article-title":"New record, habitats, and updated checklist of the mosquitoes of Hong Kong","volume":"20","author":"LM Rueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013792.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70531-X","article-title":"Aedes albopictus as an epidemic vector of chikungunya virus: another emerging problem?","volume":"6","author":"P Reiter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-72","article-title":"Aedes albopictus and the reemergence of Dengue","volume":"12","author":"G Rezza","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00176-6","article-title":"Global risk of Zika virus depends critically on vector status of Aedes albopictus","volume":"16","author":"LM Gardner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref011","first-page":"3","article-title":"Dengue fever: an overview.","volume-title":"Dengue fever in a One Health perspective","author":"R Kothai","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00429-2","article-title":"Chikungunya fever","volume":"9","author":"K Bartholomeeusen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013792.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303112","article-title":"History, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of Zika: a systematic review","volume":"106","author":"ES Paix\u00e3o","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013792.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9040266","article-title":"A systematic review: is Aedes albopictus an efficient bridge vector for zoonotic arboviruses?","volume":"9","author":"T Pereira-Dos-Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijidoh.2025.100058","article-title":"Global expansion of Aedes mosquitoes and their role in the transboundary spread of emerging arboviral diseases: A comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"E Abbasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"IJID One Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009084","article-title":"Correction: Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans","volume":"15","author":"CL Moyes","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000646","article-title":"Consequences of the expanding global distribution of Aedes albopictus for dengue virus transmission","volume":"4","author":"L Lambrechts","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013792.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005625","article-title":"Contemporary status of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses infecting humans","volume":"11","author":"CL Moyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref019","first-page":"5","article-title":"The mosquitoes of hongkong","volume":"5","author":"AGM Severn","year":"1926","journal-title":"Caduceus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60309-7","article-title":"The effects of seasonal climate variability on dengue annual incidence in Hong Kong: A modelling study","volume":"10","author":"H-Y Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref021","first-page":"95","article-title":"Review of vector-borne diseases in Hong Kong","volume":"9","author":"E Ma S","year":"2011","journal-title":"TMID"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref022","first-page":"170","article-title":"Review of dengue fever cases in Hong Kong during 1998 to 2005","volume":"14","author":"VW Chuang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref023","unstructured":"Centre for Health Protection. Statistics on Dengue fever. 2024. [Cited 2025 July 17]. https:\/\/www.chp.gov.hk\/en\/statistics\/data\/10\/26\/43\/7039.html"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-016-0131-z","article-title":"Characterizing a large outbreak of dengue fever in Guangdong Province, China","volume":"5","author":"J-P Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0352-9","article-title":"The dengue preface to endemic in mainland China: the historical largest outbreak by Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou, 2014","volume":"6","author":"L Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref026","first-page":"208","article-title":"Investigation of confirmed cases with chikungunya fever in Dongguan","volume":"32","author":"B Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sun Yat-Sen Univ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013792.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.117470","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging arboviral diseases in Southeast Asia","volume":"50","author":"AP Dash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref028","unstructured":"Government of the HKSAR. Update on dengue fever. 2025. [Cited 2025 July 17]. https:\/\/www.info.gov.hk\/gia\/general\/202506\/13\/P2025061300695.htm"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013792.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2012.05.008","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the major dengue vectors Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti","volume":"104","author":"J Vontas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04785-4","article-title":"Dengue fever and insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes in Southeast Asia: a review","volume":"14","author":"SJ Gan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013792.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007615","article-title":"Management of insecticide resistance in the major Aedes vectors of arboviruses: Advances and challenges","volume":"13","author":"I Dusfour","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"Worldwide status of insecticide resistance of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vectors of arboviruses of chikungunya, dengue, Zika and yellow fever","volume":"17","author":"TS Asgarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Arthropod Borne Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref033","article-title":"Insecticides for vector-borne diseases: current use, benefits, hazard and resistance.","volume-title":"Insecticides - advances in integrated pest management","author":"YE Himeidan","year":"2012"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013792.ref034","article-title":"Fast emerging insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou, China: Alarm to the dengue epidemic","volume":"13","author":"X Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013792.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101992","article-title":"Insecticide resistance status of United States populations of Aedes albopictus and mechanisms involved","volume":"9","author":"S Marcombe","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013792.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tju019","article-title":"Evaluation of insect growth regulators against field-collected Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Malaysia","volume":"52","author":"KW Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref037","author":"D Lam","year":"2000"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref038","unstructured":"UNEP Chemicals. Regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances: Central and North East Asia regional report. 2002."},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref039","unstructured":"Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department. Pesticide control and related information. 2024. [Cited 2025 July 17]. https:\/\/www.afcd.gov.hk\/english\/quarantine\/qua_pesticide\/qua_pes_pes\/qua_pes_pes_prc.html"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-6429-0_4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance","author":"DM Soderlund","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pesticide resistance in arthropods. Springer US"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2016.08.013","article-title":"Elucidation of pyrethroid and DDT receptor sites in the voltage-gated sodium channel","volume":"60","author":"BS Zhorov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.64.217","article-title":"First detection of a putative knockdown resistance gene in major mosquito vector, Aedes albopictus","volume":"64","author":"S Kasai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2024.101178","article-title":"Recent advances in the study of knockdown resistance mutations in Aedes mosquitoes with a focus on several remarkable mutations","volume":"63","author":"N Uemura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3098575","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3098575","article-title":"Insecticide resistance associated with kdr mutations in Aedes albopictus: An update on worldwide evidences","volume":"2018","author":"M Auteri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013792.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003085","article-title":"A single crossing-over event in voltage-sensitive Na+ channel genes may cause critical failure of dengue mosquito control by insecticides","volume":"8","author":"K Hirata","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"51","key":"pntd.0013792.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq7345","article-title":"Discovery of super-insecticide-resistant dengue mosquitoes in Asia: Threats of concomitant knockdown resistance mutations","volume":"8","author":"S Kasai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013792.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.018","article-title":"The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes","volume":"34","author":"J Hemingway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-010814-020828","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: impact, mechanisms, and research directions","volume":"60","author":"N Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00486-0","article-title":"The function of two P450s, CYP9M10 and CYP6AA7, in the permethrin resistance of Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"7","author":"Y Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013792.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.02.003","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 6M2 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae metabolizes pyrethroids: Sequential metabolism of deltamethrin revealed","volume":"41","author":"BJ Stevenson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001595","article-title":"Pinpointing P450s associated with pyrethroid metabolism in the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti: developing new tools to combat insecticide resistance","volume":"6","author":"BJ Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-193","article-title":"Biochemical basis of permethrin resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from Lower Moshi, north-eastern Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"J Matowo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref053","first-page":"1","article-title":"A brief history of the development of piperonyl butoxide as an insecticide synergist","author":"A Tozzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Piperonyl butoxide. Elsevier"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12420.x","article-title":"Ecdysterone biosynthesis: a microsomal cytochrome-P-450-linked ecdysone 20-monooxygenase from tissues of the African migratory locust","volume":"88","author":"R Feyereisen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.1361","article-title":"Insecticide toxicity and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in 18 species of pest insect and natural enemies in crucifer vegetable crops","volume":"63","author":"G Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384747-8.10008-X","article-title":"Insect CYP genes and P450 enzymes","author":"R Feyereisen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect molecular biology and biochemistry. Elsevier"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref057","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-009","article-title":"Simple features for R: standardized support for spatial vector data","volume":"10","author":"E Pebesma","year":"2018","journal-title":"The R Journal"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref059","volume-title":"Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref060","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Standard operating procedure for testing insecticide susceptibility of adult mosquitoes in WHO tube tests","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-025-07049-7","article-title":"Building resilience against the growing threat of arboviruses: a scoping review of Aedes vector surveillance, control strategies and insecticide resistance in Africa","volume":"18","author":"RM Oxborough","year":"2025","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2011.00158.x","article-title":"Frequency of pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand","volume":"36","author":"T Chuaycharoensuk","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref063","first-page":"51","article-title":"Susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) to permethrin in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"O Wan-Norafikah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Biomed"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref064","volume-title":"Standard operating procedure for determining the ability of PBO to restore susceptibility of adult mosquitoes to pyrethroid insecticides in WHO tube tests","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15050358","article-title":"Metabolic resistance and not voltage-gated sodium channel gene mutation is associated with pyrethroid resistance of Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) from Cambodia","volume":"15","author":"S Marcombe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013792.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"K Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013792.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/mve.12580","article-title":"Detection of pyrethroid resistance mutations and intron variants in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus mosquitoes from Lao People\u2019s Democratic Republic","volume":"36","author":"S Marcombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700847","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.5.1700847","article-title":"First detection of a Vssc allele V1016G conferring a high level of insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus collected from Europe (Italy) and Asia (Vietnam), 2016: a new emerging threat to controlling arboviral diseases","volume":"24","author":"S Kasai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702081","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.702081","article-title":"Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Mutations I1532T and F1534S Were Identified in Aedes albopictus Field Populations in Zhejiang Province, Central China","volume":"11","author":"Y Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref070","first-page":"37","article-title":"Correlation between adult pyrethroid resistance and knockdown resistance kdr mutations in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) field populations in China","volume":"7","author":"JP Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006192","article-title":"Polymorphisms in voltage-gated sodium channel gene and susceptibility of Aedes albopictus to insecticides in three districts of northern West Bengal, India","volume":"12","author":"M Chatterjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3423-x","article-title":"Knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations within seventeen field populations of Aedes albopictus from Beijing China: first report of a novel V1016G mutation and evolutionary origins of kdr haplotypes","volume":"12","author":"X Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013792.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146021","article-title":"Dose-response analysis using R","volume":"10","author":"C Ritz","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013792.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy024","article-title":"Rates and patterns of laboratory adaptation in (mostly) insects","volume":"111","author":"AA Hoffmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pntd.0013792.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2019.1565554","article-title":"Toxicity, monitoring and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides: A review","volume":"49","author":"GK Sidhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013792.ref077","first-page":"1386","article-title":"Insecticide resistance and glutathione S-transferases in mosquitoes: A review","volume":"8","author":"A Che-Mendoza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04906-z","article-title":"The pattern of kdr mutations correlated with the temperature in field populations of Aedes albopictus in China","volume":"14","author":"H Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2581-y","article-title":"Evidence for multiple-insecticide resistance in urban Aedes albopictus populations in southern China","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06485-1","article-title":"Study on the cross-resistance of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin and pyriproxyfen","volume":"17","author":"L Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasites & Vectors"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013792.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.6222","article-title":"Widespread multiple insecticide resistance in the major dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Hainan Province, China","volume":"77","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref082","article-title":"Genetic structure and knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for dengue fever transmission in southeastern China","volume":"20","author":"S-Y Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013792.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007852","article-title":"Distribution of insecticide resistance and mechanisms involved in the arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti in Laos and implication for vector control","volume":"13","author":"S Marcombe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0797-2","article-title":"Contrasting patterns of insecticide resistance and knockdown resistance (kdr) in the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"IH Ishak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.104666","article-title":"Cytochrome P450-based metabolic insecticide resistance in Anopheles and Aedes mosquito vectors: Muddying the waters","volume":"170","author":"J Vontas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24707","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24707","article-title":"The Cytochrome P450 gene CYP6P12 confers pyrethroid resistance in kdr-free Malaysian populations of the dengue vector Aedes albopictus","volume":"6","author":"IH Ishak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013792.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02717.x","article-title":"Can piperonyl butoxide enhance the efficacy of pyrethroids against pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti?","volume":"16","author":"G Bingham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013792.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.189225.115","article-title":"Identifying genomic changes associated with insecticide resistance in the dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti by deep targeted sequencing","volume":"25","author":"F Faucon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0013792.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abe5903","article-title":"Epitranscriptomic regulation of insecticide resistance","volume":"7","author":"X Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013792.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2012.06.003","article-title":"A cis-regulatory sequence driving metabolic insecticide resistance in mosquitoes: functional characterisation and signatures of selection","volume":"42","author":"CS Wilding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26051854","article-title":"Omics approaches in understanding insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors","volume":"26","author":"N Bharadwaj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04127-w","article-title":"Evaluation of resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate adulticides and kdr genotyping in Aedes aegypti populations from Roraima, the northernmost Brazilian State","volume":"13","author":"RLN Hayd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref093","first-page":"315","article-title":"Characterization of resistance to organophosphate, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in field populations of Aedes aegypti from Venezuela","volume":"11","author":"MB Mazzarri","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref094","first-page":"69","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti from Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic","volume":"7","author":"Y Mekuria","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013792.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189680","article-title":"Aedes aegypti resistance development to commonly used insecticides in Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"PH Hamid","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013792.ref096","article-title":"Bionomics and insecticide resistance of the arboviral vector Aedes albopictus in northern Lao PDR","volume":"13","author":"J-AA Tangena","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013792.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjx198","article-title":"Insecticide susceptibility screening against Culex and Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes from the United States","volume":"55","author":"SL Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498313","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1498313","article-title":"Insecticide resistance in the field populations of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus in Beijing: resistance status and associated detoxification genes","volume":"15","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013792.ref099","first-page":"545","article-title":"Insecticide susceptible\/resistance status in Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand during 2003-2005","volume":"100","author":"N Jirakanjanakit","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013792.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003771","article-title":"Transcriptome profiling and genetic study reveal amplified carboxylesterase genes implicated in temephos resistance, in the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus","volume":"9","author":"L Grigoraki","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013792.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005533","article-title":"Carboxylesterase gene amplifications associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes albopictus: Geographical distribution and evolutionary origin","volume":"11","author":"L Grigoraki","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013792.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012243","article-title":"Unveiling candidate genes for metabolic resistance to malathion in Aedes albopictus through RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling","volume":"18","author":"X Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0013792.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.07.008","article-title":"Insecticide resistance: a silent base prediction","volume":"14","author":"M Weill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"6936","key":"pntd.0013792.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/423136b","article-title":"Comparative genomics: Insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors","volume":"423","author":"M Weill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2007)44[463:DASCIR]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Different amino-acid substitutions confer insecticide resistance through acetylcholinesterase 1 insensitivity in Culex vishnui and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) from China","volume":"44","author":"H Alout","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013792.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2009.10.005","article-title":"Multiple duplications of the rare ace-1 mutation F290V in Culex pipiens natural populations","volume":"39","author":"H Alout","year":"2009","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.07.011","article-title":"CYP-mediated resistance and cross-resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphates in Aedes aegypti in the presence and absence of kdr","volume":"160","author":"LB Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2019.06.007","article-title":"Cross-resistance profiles of malaria mosquito P450s associated with pyrethroid resistance against WHO insecticides","volume":"161","author":"C Yunta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05156-3","article-title":"Monitoring insecticide resistance of adult and larval Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","volume":"15","author":"S Boyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3187-8","article-title":"Alternative insecticides for larval control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in Lao PDR: insecticide resistance and semi-field trial study","volume":"11","author":"S Marcombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013792.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173689","article-title":"Toxicity of spinosad to temephos-resistant Aedes aegypti populations in Brazil","volume":"12","author":"L Dos Santos Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2016.09.001","article-title":"Pyriproxyfen is metabolized by P450s associated with pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiae","volume":"78","author":"C Yunta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1584\/jpestics.D20-084","article-title":"Stage-specific action of juvenile hormone analogs","volume":"46","author":"R Parthasarathy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pestic Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013792.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009631","article-title":"The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit-A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"A Kolimenakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00793-2","article-title":"Charting the evidence for climate change impacts on the global spread of malaria and dengue and adaptive responses: a scoping review of reviews","volume":"18","author":"MA Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013792.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01367-9","article-title":"Ecological dynamics of field Aedes albopictus populations under Wolbachia-mediated suppression","volume":"14","author":"Y Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pntd.0013792.ref117","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vector control product list. [Cited 2025 July 17]. https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/prequal\/vector-control-products\/prequalified-product-list"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:24:38Z","timestamp":1766427878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013792"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jean-philippe","family":"David","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013792","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]}}}