{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T18:58:09Z","timestamp":1767380289155,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82103947"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82103947"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["202206080003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202206080003"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["2024A04J4623"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A04J4623"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Sun Yat-sen University","award":["23qnpy105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23qnpy105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    While meteorological and socioeconomic factors are well-documented modifiers of spatial heterogeneity in temperature\u2013hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) associations, substantial unexplained heterogeneity remains. This study investigates underexplored environmental modifiers\u2014including extreme temperature events (heat waves and cold spells), air pollution, and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)\u2014by analyzing 484,928 HFMD cases among children under six years old in western China (2013\u20132019) using distributed lag nonlinear models and meta-regression. We found that cold spells (accounted for 3.84% of the spatial heterogeneity attributable above the baseline level), PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    (3.06%), heat waves (2.72%), PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    (2.08%), NDVI (1.57%) and O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0.78%) were statistically significant modifiers of spatial heterogeneity in the temperature-HFMD associations. Further analysis of PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    components identified nitrate (1.78%) and ammonium (1.58%) as additional modifiers. Among these, cold spells, heat waves, PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and NDVI were the primary contributors. Specifically, the relative risk (\n                    <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) of HFMD at the 95th temperature percentile reached 3.17 (95% CI: 2.39\u20134.19) in frequent heat waves regions and 3.05 (2.35\u20133.95) in high-PM\n                    <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                    areas. Conversely, regions with low cold-spell frequency also exhibited increased temperature-related risk (\n                    <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093.13, 2.40\u20134.07) at the same temperature, as did low NDVI regions (\n                    <jats:italic>RR<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092.16, 1.79\u20132.59). Spatial cluster analysis further revealed that the central and northeastern regions exhibited higher temperature-related HFMD risks compared to the southwestern region. These pronounced spatial modification effects challenge the generalizability of single-site study and highlight the importance of region-specific public health strategies that integrate early warning systems for extreme temperatures, air pollution mitigation, and locally adapted greening interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T18:53:03Z","timestamp":1767379983000},"page":"e0013801","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial heterogeneity in the temperature\u2013hand, foot, and mouth disease association among children: A multicounty time-series study in western China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanghai","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yueqian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yikun","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wangjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1155-8443","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuantao","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00908-4","article-title":"Current status of hand-foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"30","author":"P Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-083958","article-title":"Childhood hand, foot and mouth disease sequelae cohort study in Henan, China: cohort profile","volume":"15","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.006","article-title":"Ambient temperature, humidity and hand, foot, and mouth disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"625","author":"Q Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.47665\/tb.38.1.026","article-title":"Detection of enteroviruses during a 2018 hand, foot and mouth disease outbreak in Malaysia","volume":"38","author":"MHP Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref005","article-title":"Severity and burden of hand, foot and mouth disease in Asia: a modelling study","volume":"3","author":"WM Koh","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07982-y","article-title":"Transmissibility of hand, foot, and mouth disease in 97 counties of China","volume":"12","author":"W Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141679","article-title":"The temporal characteristics of the lag-response relationship and related key time points between ambient temperature and hand, foot and mouth disease: A multicity study from mainland China","volume":"749","author":"X Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013801.ref008","article-title":"Hand, foot, and mouth disease challenges and its antiviral therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013801.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00291-y","article-title":"Daily mean temperature and HFMD: risk assessment and attributable fraction identification in Ningbo China","volume":"31","author":"R Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"28","key":"pntd.0013801.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35618","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09878-8","article-title":"Association between diurnal temperature range and outpatient visits for hand, foot, and mouth disease in Hefei, China: a distributed lag nonlinear analysis","volume":"27","author":"J Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.021","article-title":"The exposure-response relationship between temperature and childhood hand, foot and mouth disease: A multicity study from mainland China","volume":"100","author":"X Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00133","article-title":"The effect of daily mean temperature on hand, foot and mouth disease and the source of regional heterogeneity in Chongqing, China, 2010-2019","volume":"27","author":"X Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136103","article-title":"The spatial heterogeneity of the associations between relative humidity and pediatric hand, foot and mouth disease: Evidence from a nation-wide multicity study from mainland China","volume":"707","author":"Z Bo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013801.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.063504","article-title":"Extreme temperature events, fine particulate matter, and myocardial infarction mortality","volume":"148","author":"R Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013801.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14041123","article-title":"The Influence of Heat on Pediatric and Perinatal Health: Risks, Evidence, and Future Directions","volume":"14","author":"N Principi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013801.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00160-8","article-title":"Effects of ambient heat exposure on risk of all-cause mortality in children younger than 5 years in Africa: a pooled time-series analysis","volume":"8","author":"C Brimicombe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22038-4","article-title":"Estimating the influence of high temperature on hand, foot, and mouth disease incidence in China","volume":"30","author":"G Luan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2663","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23517-2","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and risk of hand, foot, and mouth disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Q Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31035-7","article-title":"Associations between ambient air pollutants and childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease in Sichuan, China: a spatiotemporal study","volume":"13","author":"J Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32916","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32916","article-title":"Chemical exposure-response relationship between air pollutants and reactive oxygen species in the human respiratory tract","volume":"6","author":"PSJ Lakey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.01.030","article-title":"The health effects of ambient PM2.5 and potential mechanisms","volume":"128","author":"S Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China","volume":"727","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.108660","article-title":"The association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and the incidence of mumps in Wuhan, China: A time-series study","volume":"177","author":"J Hao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01957","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Ozone-Induced Chronic Lung Inflammation and Emphysema: A Facet of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"11","author":"CH Wiegman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.329","article-title":"Short-term effects of meteorological factors and air pollution on childhood hand-foot-mouth disease in Guilin, China","volume":"646","author":"G Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013801.ref026","article-title":"Night-Time Light Data: A Good Proxy Measure for Economic Activity?","volume":"10","author":"GJP Schumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12444-7","article-title":"Association of neighborhood greenness with severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease","volume":"22","author":"Z Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140106","article-title":"An alternative comprehensive index to quantify the interactive effect of temperature and relative humidity on hand, foot and mouth disease: A two-stage time series study including 143 cities in mainland China","volume":"740","author":"C Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013801.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2014.tb00570.x","article-title":"Thermal stress and toxicity","volume":"4","author":"CJ Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.049","article-title":"Cold spell and mortality in 31 Chinese capital cities: Definitions, vulnerability and implications","volume":"128","author":"J Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.332","article-title":"Heatwave and mortality in 31 major Chinese cities: Definition, vulnerability and implications","volume":"649","author":"J Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c06889","article-title":"Ozone, Heat Wave, and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Population-Based Case-Crossover Study","volume":"58","author":"R Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112775","article-title":"Full-coverage mapping and spatiotemporal variations of ground-level ozone (O3) pollution from 2013 to 2020 across China","volume":"270","author":"J Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref034","article-title":"The ChinaHighPM10 dataset: generation, validation, and spatiotemporal variations from 2015 to 2019 across China","volume":"146","author":"J Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013801.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-3273-2020","article-title":"Improved 1\u2009km resolution PM 2.5 estimates across China using enhanced space\u2013time extremely randomized trees","volume":"20","author":"J Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2023.05.028","article-title":"Nighttime light remote sensing for urban applications: Progress, challenges, and prospects","volume":"202","author":"Q Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISPRS J Photogram Remote Sens"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110791","article-title":"The imprint of urbanization on vegetation in the ecologically fragile area: A case study from China\u2019s Loess Plateau","volume":"154","author":"A Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol Indicat"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013801.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5963","article-title":"Modeling exposure-lag-response associations with distributed lag non-linear models","volume":"33","author":"A Gasparrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"29","key":"pntd.0013801.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5471","article-title":"Multivariate meta-analysis for non-linear and other multi-parameter associations","volume":"31","author":"A Gasparrini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-1","article-title":"Reducing and meta-analysing estimates from distributed lag non-linear models","volume":"13","author":"A Gasparrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013801.ref041","article-title":"Combined impacts of environmental and socioeconomic covariates on HFMD risk in China: A spatiotemporal heterogeneous perspective","volume":"17","author":"C-H Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013801.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1177\/002224379102800302","article-title":"Collinearity, Power, and Interpretation of Multiple Regression Analysis","volume":"28","author":"CH Mason","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Market Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013801.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0584-6","article-title":"Confounding and collinearity in regression analysis: a cautionary tale and an alternative procedure, illustrated by studies of British voting behaviour","volume":"52","author":"R Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"issue":"10301","key":"pntd.0013801.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01208-3","article-title":"Hot weather and heat extremes: health risks","volume":"398","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013801.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31823031c5","article-title":"Heat waves and cause-specific mortality at all ages","volume":"22","author":"X Basaga\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013801.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01315616","article-title":"Effect of acid pH, salts, and temperature on the infectivity and physical integrity of enteroviruses","volume":"52","author":"RJ Salo","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013801.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.02.001","article-title":"Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food","volume":"28","author":"A Rzezutka","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013801.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11801","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16397-7","article-title":"Effects of temperature and PM2.5 on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth in a heavily polluted area, Shijiazhuang, China","volume":"29","author":"R Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81935-9","article-title":"Particulate matter (PM2.5) as a potential SARS-CoV-2 carrier","volume":"11","author":"NSM Nor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113378","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on human health - Mechanistic evidence suggested by in vitro and in vivo modelling","volume":"212","author":"H Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45776-0","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5, particulate constituents and hospital admissions from non-respiratory infection","volume":"15","author":"Y Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36635-x","article-title":"The interactive effects of extreme temperatures and PM2.5 pollution on mortalities in Jiangsu Province, China","volume":"13","author":"L Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013801.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.07.004","article-title":"Ozone exposure in the culture medium inhibits enterovirus 71 virus replication and modulates cytokine production in rhabdomyosarcoma cells","volume":"76","author":"Y-C Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2025.103117","article-title":"Air pollution and the airborne diseases: Evidence from China and Japan","volume":"130","author":"G He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Environ Econ Manag"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0013801.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15892","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03856","article-title":"Co-Exposure of Ambient Particulate Matter and Airborne Transmission Pathogens: The Impairment of the Upper Respiratory Systems","volume":"56","author":"Y Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33109-3","article-title":"Bayesian spatiotemporal analysis for association of environmental factors with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Guangdong, China","volume":"8","author":"Z Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013801.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crsus.2024.100150","article-title":"Greenspace and burden of infectious illnesses among children in 49 low- and middle-income countries","volume":"1","author":"Y-D Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Reports Sustainability"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.112871","article-title":"City-level greenness exposure is associated with COVID-19 incidence in China","volume":"209","author":"W Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013801.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13108-1","article-title":"Influence of spatial characteristics of green spaces on microclimate in Suzhou Industrial Park of China","volume":"12","author":"X Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.111725","article-title":"Assessing the health risk impacts of urban green spaces on air pollution - Evidence from 31 China\u2019s provinces","volume":"159","author":"J Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol Ind"},{"key":"pntd.0013801.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.06.028","article-title":"Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance","volume":"158","author":"I Markevych","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013801","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T18:53:13Z","timestamp":1767379993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013801"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"David","family":"Safronetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013801","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]}}}