{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T18:06:08Z","timestamp":1784657168520,"version":"3.55.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013810","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000}}],"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Abbott Pandemic Defense Coalition"},{"name":"Fundacion Fraternidad Medell\u00edn"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Sof\u00eda P\u00e9rez de Soto"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2024, the largest RT-qPCR\u2013confirmed outbreak of Oropouche virus (OROV) in 70 years occurred in the Brazilian Amazon, raising concerns about transmission and viral evolution in the neighboring Colombian Amazon Basin. This study characterizes the genetic diversity, epidemiology, and climatic context of OROV transmission during the 2024 outbreak in Leticia, Colombia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through a large-scale febrile surveillance program, we detected 41 OROV-positive cases in Leticia in 2024. Molecular diagnostics, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and phylogenetic\/phylogeographic analyses revealed the co-circulation of two distinct lineages. Fifteen sequences clustered within a lineage linked to previous outbreaks (PE\/CO\/EC-2008\u20132021), while 26 belonged to a reassortant lineage associated with the unprecedented 2024 outbreak (BR-2015\u20132024). This new reassortant lineage (BR-2015\u20132024) progressively displaced the traditional PE\/CO\/EC-2008\u20132021 lineage. Bayesian skyline analysis of 627 OROV genomes from Colombia and neighboring countries confirmed the decline of the historic lineage and the rapid expansion of the BR-2015\u20132024 lineage beginning in 2022, surpassing the former dominant strain by 2023. Time-series analyses further indicated that OROV outbreak peaks coincided with major ocean temperature transitions, specifically from La Ni\u00f1a to neutral conditions in early 2021 and from El Ni\u00f1o to neutral conditions in early 2024.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings demonstrate the dynamic evolutionary landscape of OROV in the Colombian Amazon, with the emergence of a new reassortant lineage (BR-2015\u20132024) now driving transmission. The temporal correspondence between oceanic climate variability and outbreak timing suggests environmental factors may modulate OROV dynamics. These results emphasize the importance of integrated genomic surveillance and climate monitoring to strengthen outbreak underlying factors understanding and prediction and guide public health responses in the Amazon Basin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T17:37:00Z","timestamp":1784050620000},"page":"e0013810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phylogeographic dynamics of oropouche virus in the Colombian Amazon: Evolutionary insights in a climatic context"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1734-3697","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura S.","family":"Perez-Restrepo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Usuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Yepes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Limonta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cole","family":"Knuese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Gonzalez-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin A.","family":"Cloherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Hernandez-Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7474-6150","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jorge E.","family":"Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013810.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00740-5","article-title":"Emergence of Oropouche fever in Latin America: a narrative review","volume":"24","author":"KM Wesselmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref002","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2025.23","article-title":"Oropouche virus \u2013 another antecedent event for Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome?","volume":"49","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Quevedo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"21","key":"pntd.0013810.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2412812","article-title":"A Case of Vertical Transmission of Oropouche Virus in Brazil","volume":"391","author":"C Garcia Filho","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013810.ref005","article-title":"Oropouche fever: reports of vertical transmission and deaths in Brazil","volume":"24","author":"PR Martins-Filho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013810.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3011.241132","article-title":"Fatal Oropouche Virus Infections in Nonendemic Region, Brazil","volume":"30","author":"AC Bandeira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013810.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0672","article-title":"Oropouche virus: clinical, epidemiological, and molecular aspects of a neglected orthobunyavirus","volume":"96","author":"JF Travassos da Rosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013810.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/v10040175","article-title":"Oropouche Fever: A Review","volume":"10","author":"H Sakkas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.11.020","article-title":"Oropouche orthobunyavirus: Genetic characterization of full-length genomes and development of molecular methods to discriminate natural reassortments","volume":"68","author":"MRT Nunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref010","article-title":"Oropouche virus: clinical, epidemiological, and molecular aspects of a neglected orthobunyavirus","author":"da Rosa JFT","year":"2017"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013810.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03300-3","article-title":"Human outbreaks of a novel reassortant Oropouche virus in the Brazilian Amazon region","volume":"30","author":"FG Naveca","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref012"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013810.ref013","first-page":"687","article-title":"Expansion of Oropouche virus in non-endemic Brazilian regions: analysis of genomic characterisation and ecological drivers","volume":"24","author":"T Gr\u00e4f","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013810.ref014","first-page":"2241","article-title":"Reemergence of Oropouche Virus in the Americas and Risk for Spread in the United States and Its Territories","volume":"30","author":"SAJ Guagliardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013810.ref015","article-title":"Co-Circulation of 2 Oropouche Virus Lineages during Outbreak, Amazon Region of Peru, 2023-2024","volume":"31","author":"CD Cruz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013810.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3010.240900","article-title":"Oropouche Fever, Cuba, May 2024","volume":"30","author":"AJ Benitez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013810.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040376","article-title":"Culicoides biting midges\u2014underestimated vectors for arboviruses of public health and veterinary importance","volume":"11","author":"F Sick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013810.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.149","article-title":"Oropouche virus. I. A review of clinical, epidemiological, and ecological findings","volume":"30","author":"FP Pinheiro","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107487","article-title":"Integrated surveillance for Oropouche Virus: Molecular evidence of potential urban vectors during an outbreak in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"261","author":"LHM Feitoza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013810.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101333","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Oropouche virus, Brazil","volume":"17","author":"HB Vasconcelos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref021","article-title":"Vector competence for Oropouche virus: a systematic review of pre-2024 experiments","author":"EN Gallichotte","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199318","article-title":"Oropouche virus: A neglected global arboviral threat","volume":"341","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013810.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-022-00456-2","article-title":"Baseline mapping of Oropouche virology, epidemiology, therapeutics, and vaccine research and development","volume":"7","author":"MA Files","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1961.10.574","article-title":"Oropouche virus: a new human disease agent from Trinidad, West Indies","volume":"10","author":"CR Anderson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref025","year":"2025"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013810.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240900","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3010.240900","article-title":"Oropouche Fever, Cuba, May 2024","volume":"30","author":"AJ Benitez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref027","author":"CDC","year":"2025"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7335e1","article-title":"Oropouche virus disease among U.S. travelers \u2014 United States, 2024","volume":"73","author":"A Morrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref029","year":"2024"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013810.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101586","article-title":"Full Genome Characterization of the First Oropouche Virus Isolate Imported in Europe from Cuba","volume":"16","author":"M Deiana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013810.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-024-02400-z","article-title":"Imported Oropouche fever to Germany in a returning traveller from Cuba","volume":"53","author":"MA Maier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013810.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051249","article-title":"Arbovirus Transmission Predictions Are Affected by Both Temperature Data Source and Modeling Methodologies across Cities in Colombia","volume":"11","author":"VH Pe\u00f1a-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer C, Fr\u00fchauf A, Inchauste L, Anzolini Cassiano MH, Ar\u00e9valo Ramirez H, Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my K, et al. The Spatio-Temporal Ecology of Oropouche Virus: A Laboratory-Based Modelling Study Across Latin America. In: SSRN Scholarly Paper [Internet]. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network; 2024. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/abstract=5050336","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5050336"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013810.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5948","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56044-y","article-title":"Climate change, thermal anomalies, and the recent progression of dengue in Brazil","volume":"14","author":"C Barcellos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013810.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012397","article-title":"Effects of the El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation and seasonal weather conditions on Aedes aegypti infestation in the State of S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil): A Bayesian spatio-temporal study","volume":"18","author":"M Pirani","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref036","first-page":"183","article-title":"Climate and ENSO variability associated with vector-borne diseases in Colombia.","volume-title":"El Ni\u00f1o and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale variability and global and regional impacts","author":"G Poveda","year":"2000"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref037","author":"AM Stewart-Ibarra","year":"2013"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013810.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3011.240405","article-title":"Co-Circulation of 2 Oropouche Virus Lineages, Amazon Basin, Colombia, 2024","volume":"30","author":"J Usuga","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref039"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013810.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: New Models and Efficient Methods for Phylogenetic Inference in the Genomic Era","volume":"37","author":"BQ Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref041","article-title":"Dynamics and ecology of a multi-stage expansion of Oropouche virus in Brazil","author":"H Tegally","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013810.ref042","article-title":"Advanced molecular surveillance approaches for characterization of blood borne hepatitis viruses","volume":"15","author":"MG Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013810.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2136536","article-title":"Oropouche virus as an emerging cause of acute febrile illness in Colombia","volume":"11","author":"KA Ciuoderis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013810.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27139","article-title":"Oropouche Virus: An Emerging Neuroinvasive Arbovirus","volume":"97","author":"DM Pastula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref045","article-title":"Genomic Epidemiology of 2023-2024 Oropouche Outbreak in Iquitos, Peru reveals independent origin from a concurrent outbreak in Brazil","author":"MP Olortegui","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013810.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001315","article-title":"Iquitos virus: a novel reassortant Orthobunyavirus associated with human illness in Peru","volume":"5","author":"PV Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013810.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.46","article-title":"Reassortment in segmented RNA viruses: mechanisms and outcomes","volume":"14","author":"SM McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2020.02.004","article-title":"Influence of herd immunity in the cyclical nature of arboviruses","volume":"40","author":"GS Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-8-1","article-title":"Superior infectivity for mosquito vectors contributes to competitive displacement among strains of dengue virus","volume":"8","author":"KA Hanley","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Ecol"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1666-0","article-title":"Competitive advantage of a dengue 4 virus when co-infecting the mosquito Aedes aegypti with a dengue 1 virus","volume":"16","author":"M Vazeille","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801522","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.801522","article-title":"A detailed overview of immune escape, antibody escape, partial vaccine escape of SARS-CoV-2 and their emerging variants with escape mutations","volume":"13","author":"C Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013810.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.2001.00204.x","article-title":"Viral escape mechanisms--escapology taught by viruses","volume":"82","author":"M Lucas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013810.ref053","first-page":"2","article-title":"Research Progress on the Structure and Function, Immune Escape Mechanism, Antiviral Drug Development Methods, and Clinical Use of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro","volume":"30","author":"J Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013810.ref054","article-title":"Effect of El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation and local weather on Aedes vector activity from 2010 to 2018 in Kalutara district, Sri Lanka: a two-stage hierarchical analysis","volume":"6","author":"P Liyanage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013810.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003210","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis and sand fly fluctuations are associated with el ni\u00f1o in panam\u00e1","volume":"8","author":"LF Chaves","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013810.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00110-0","article-title":"The spatiotemporal ecology of Oropouche virus across Latin America: a multidisciplinary, laboratory-based, modelling study","volume":"25","author":"C Fischer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref057","article-title":"Rapid Viral Expansion Beyond the Amazon Basin: Increased Epidemic Activity of Oropouche Virus Across the Americas","author":"M Iani FC de","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013810.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01629-23","article-title":"Outbreak of Oropouche virus in frontier regions in western Amazon","volume":"12","author":"HM Moreira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013810.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.70460","article-title":"What are the vector species of the Oropouche virus?","volume":"82","author":"CFJ Ayres","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pest Manag Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013810.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091498","article-title":"(Re-)Emergence of Oropouche Virus (OROV) Infections: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"16","author":"M Ricc\u00f2","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013810.ref061","first-page":"111","article-title":"Presence and Multi-Species Spatial Distribution of Oropouche Virus in Brazil within the One Health Framework","volume":"7","author":"S Sciancalepore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013810.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000045","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR","volume":"25","author":"VM Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013810.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.160326","article-title":"Single-Reaction Multiplex Reverse Transcription PCR for Detection of Zika, Chikungunya, and Dengue Viruses","volume":"22","author":"JJ Waggoner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2012.07.008","article-title":"Optimization of one-step duplex real-time RT-PCR for detection of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates","volume":"186","author":"F de-Paris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013810.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071539","article-title":"Multiplex qPCR for detection and absolute quantification of malaria","volume":"8","author":"E Kamau","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"26","key":"pntd.0013810.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.22490\/24629448.1746","article-title":"In-house standardization and validation of a multiplex RT-PCR assay for the detection of 13 respiratory viruses","volume":"14","author":"H Vargas","year":"2016","journal-title":"nova"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.307","article-title":"Culicoides biting midges: their role as arbovirus vectors","volume":"45","author":"PS Mellor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511573125","volume-title":"El Ni\u00f1o and the Southern Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts [Internet]","author":"HF Diaz","year":"2000"},{"issue":"16","key":"pntd.0013810.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352","article-title":"The Sequence Alignment\/Map format and SAMtools","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"14","key":"pntd.0013810.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pntd.0013810.ref071","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013810.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx108","article-title":"MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization","volume":"20","author":"K Katoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013810.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730491","article-title":"On a Test of Whether one of Two Random Variables is Stochastically Larger than the Other","volume":"18","author":"HB Mann","year":"1947","journal-title":"Ann Math Statist"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013810","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013810","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T17:45:07Z","timestamp":1784655907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013810"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paulo HN","family":"Saldiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013810","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]]}}}