{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T18:32:55Z","timestamp":1765823575501,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is influenced by both host-related factors and parasite characteristics, including reinfection and strain variability. While the heart is the primary focus of reinfection studies, the effects on the intestinal form of the disease remain poorly understood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, C57BL\/6 male mice were infected and subsequently reinfected with the\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      Y strain to assess the immunopathological consequences in the intestinal tract. We analyzed parasitemia levels, systemic cytokines, anti-\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgG2a, IgG2b), inflammatory infiltrates, neuronal counts, and collagen deposition. Our data showed that reinfection led to reduced parasitemia and did not alter antibody levels generated during primary infection. However, reinfection induced a systemic reduction in IL-4 and IL-10 and an increase in IFN-\u03b3, indicating a shift toward a pro-inflammatory profile. Histopathologically, reinfected mice exhibited intensified intestinal inflammation and increased neuronal destruction in the myenteric plexus, without additional collagen deposition compared to singly infected animals.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although homologous reinfection may enhance parasitemia control through sustained immunoglobulin responses, it exacerbates tissue inflammation and neuronal damage. These findings underscore the dual role of immune responses in controlling parasite burden while potentially contributing to intestinal pathology, highlighting the need for caution when considering reinfection risks in endemic areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T18:28:22Z","timestamp":1765823302000},"page":"e0013826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intestinal immunopathological evaluation of mice reinfected with Trypanosoma cruzi Y strain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Arthur Wilson Flor\u00eancio","family":"da Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4509-9142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rafael","family":"Obata Trevisan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Rodrigues do Carmo","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yarlla Loyane Lira","family":"Braga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Vict\u00f3ria","family":"Bernardes e Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Luisa Monteiro dos Santos","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlene Ant\u00f4nia","family":"dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Aparecida","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos Vin\u00edcius","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mara R\u00fabia Nunes","family":"Celes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana Reis","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013826.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2017.12.002","article-title":"Evolution, systematics, and biogeography of the triatominae, vectors of Chagas disease","volume":"99","author":"FA Monteiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013826.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-01-017","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania sp. infection in wildlife from urban rainforest fragments in Northeast Brazil","volume":"54","author":"I Tr\u00fceb","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013826.ref003","volume-title":"Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) Fact sheet","author":"WHO","year":"2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013826.ref004","first-page":"180","article-title":"Pathology of the prolonged experimental Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"10","author":"SG Andrade","year":"1968","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013826.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0425-3","article-title":"Reinfections and Trypanosoma cruzi strains can determine the prognosis of the chronic chagasic cardiopathy in mice","volume":"100","author":"JM Bustamante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013826.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1042\/cs1040415","article-title":"Indeterminate Chagas\u2019 disease: Trypanosoma cruzi strain and re-infection are factors involved in the progression of cardiopathy","volume":"104","author":"JM Bustamante","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"pntd.0013826.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrade SG, Campos RF, Sobral KSC, Magalh\u00e3es JB, Guedes RSP, Guerreiro MLJR. 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