{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T23:01:51Z","timestamp":1792364511226,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Schistosomiasis and intestinal parasitic infections remain major public health concerns in Uganda, particularly among school-aged children, where they contribute to anemia, malnutrition, and poor cognitive development. The Lango sub-region of Northern Uganda is endemic for\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      , yet epidemiological data remain scarce. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection to guide targeted control strategies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a cross-sectional study between January and March 2023, involving 802 primary school children from randomly selected schools in Lira District, Lira City, and Kole District. Stool samples were examined using the Odongo-Aginya method to detect\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and intestinal parasites. Urine samples were screened using the Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen (POC-CCA) test for\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      and urine filtration for\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Data on potential risk factors were collected via structured interviews and analyzed using logistic regression in SPSS version 25.0. The overall prevalence of schistosomiasis was 34.5% (\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), with light (11.6%), moderate (5.4%), and heavy (2.9%) infection intensities. Other intestinal parasites were detected in 20.3% of participants, including\n                      <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      (11.6%) and hookworms (6.4%). Children in P.3 (OR = 3.19, 95% CI: 1.67\u20136.08), P.4 (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.71\u20136.08), and P.6 (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.26\u20135.47) had significantly higher odds of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection compared to P.7, with Ayara pupils most at risk (OR = 35.05, 95% CI: 9.30\u2013132.14). Elevated risks occurred in Apedi, Aberdyangotoo, and Bala schools, while pupils in Kole (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.33\u20130.63) and Lira City (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.20\u20131.14) had reduced odds. Low paternal education increased risk, whereas recent praziquantel treatment markedly reduced infection (OR = 0.10, p\u2009=\u20090.027).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study highlights the persistent and focal nature of schistosomiasis transmission in northern Uganda, shaped by school and district-level factors, socioeconomic disparities, and irregular MDA implementation. Strengthening and sustaining praziquantel distribution, expanding WASH infrastructure, and introducing targeted, school-focused interventions are essential to reduce reinfection and sustain control efforts. Addressing these factors is critical for Uganda to progress toward schistosomiasis elimination goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:28:49Z","timestamp":1765996129000},"page":"e0013827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of schistosomiasis and intestinal parasitic infections among primary school children in northern Uganda: Implications for public health interventions"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-0208","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John Paul","family":"Byagamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Opiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Angwech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Nyafwono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey Maxwell","family":"Malinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Echodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Igwaro","family":"Odongo-Aginya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013827.ref001","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Prevalence of Schistosomiasis and Soil-transmitted helminthiasis and their risk factors: a cross-sectional study in Itilima District, North-Western Tanzania","volume":"13","author":"J Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30242-X","article-title":"Mass deworming to improve developmental health and wellbeing of children in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"VA Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013827.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009444","article-title":"Associations between infection intensity categories and morbidity prevalence in school-age children are much stronger for Schistosoma haematobium than for S. mansoni","volume":"15","author":"RE Wiegand","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1387-4","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted Helminths in Tana Delta District of Kenya: infection and morbidity patterns in primary schoolchildren from two isolated villages","volume":"16","author":"KH Njaanake","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiruneh A, Kahase D, Zemene E, Tekalign E, Solomon A, Mekonnen Z. Identification of transmission foci of Schistosoma mansoni: narrowing the intervention target from district to transmission focus in Ethiopia. 2020;:1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08904-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013827.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4103\/apjtm.apjtm_762_23","article-title":"Prevalence and intensity of urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths among women of reproductive age in Mwaluphamba, Kwale","volume":"17","author":"SM Ngui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013827.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266333","article-title":"Prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children at Tachgayint woreda, Northcentral Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"T Eyayu","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.06.009","article-title":"The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Lango region Uganda 60 years after Schwetz 1951: Can schistosomiasis be eliminated through mass drug administration without other supportive control measures?","volume":"185","author":"M Adriko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2018.08.200","article-title":"Data on the pre-MDA and post MDA interventions for Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in a co-endemic focus in Uganda: 1951\u20132011","volume":"20","author":"M Adriko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Br"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013827.ref010","first-page":"193","article-title":"The circumstantial epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium in Lango district, Uganda","volume":"44","author":"DJ Bradley","year":"1967","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013827.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010570","article-title":"High prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection and stunting among school age children in communities along the Albert-Nile, Northern Uganda: A cross sectional study","volume":"16","author":"J Mulindwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2252-z","article-title":"Longitudinal survey on the distribution of Biomphalaria sudanica and B. choanomophala in Mwanza region, on the shores of Lake Victoria, Tanzania: implications for schistosomiasis transmission and control","volume":"10","author":"AN Gouvras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04720-7","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal distribution of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Ingwavuma, uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implications for schistosomiasis transmission at micro-geographical scale","volume":"14","author":"T Manyangadze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-05121-6","article-title":"Variation in water contact behaviour and risk of Schistosoma mansoni (re)infection among Ugandan school-aged children in an area with persistent high endemicity","volume":"15","author":"SCM Trienekens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013827.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009380","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis among primary school children in four selected regions of the Gambia","volume":"15","author":"E Joof","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7041-5","article-title":"Community knowledge, perceptions and water contact practices associated with transmission of urinary schistosomiasis in an endemic region: A qualitative cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"T Angelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013827.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009861","article-title":"Prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of schistosoma mansoni infections among schoolchildren around lake tana, northwestern ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"T Hailegebriel","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1835-4","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in the Plateau Central and Centre-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso","volume":"9","author":"S Erismann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites and Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref019","article-title":"Data on the pre-MDA and post MDA interventions for Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in a co-endemic focus in Uganda: 1951\u20132011","volume":"20","author":"M Adriko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Data Br"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013827.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123673","article-title":"Uptake of mass drug administration programme for schistosomiasis control in Koome Islands, Central Uganda","volume":"10","author":"D Tuhebwe","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013827.ref021","article-title":"Impacts of host gender on Schistosoma mansoni risk in rural Uganda-A mixed-methods approach","volume":"14","author":"SCM Trienekens","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013827.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0391","article-title":"Residence Time, Water Contact, and Age-driven Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Hotspot Communities in Uganda","volume":"105","author":"A Moses","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013827.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004469","article-title":"Risk of intestinal parasitic infections in people with different exposures to wastewater and Fecal Sludge in Kampala, Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"S Fuhrimann","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04163-6","article-title":"Environmental and biotic factors affecting freshwater snail intermediate hosts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley region","volume":"13","author":"BK Olkeba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2681-6","article-title":"Effects and factors associated with indoor residual spraying with Actellic 300 CS on malaria morbidity in Lira District, Northern Uganda","volume":"18","author":"A Tugume","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04163-6","article-title":"Environmental and biotic factors affecting freshwater snail intermediate hosts in the Ethiopian Rift Valley region","volume":"13","author":"BK Olkeba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref027","unstructured":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). National Population and Housing Census 2014\u2014Main Report. Kampala: UBOS; 2016."},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013827.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/2021BAMSStateoftheClimate.1","article-title":"State of the Climate in 2020","volume":"102","author":"J Blunden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013827.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1017\/S002193201400011X","article-title":"Understanding low uptake of mass treatment for intestinal schistosomiasis among school children: a qualitative study in Jinja district, Uganda","volume":"47","author":"S Muhumuza","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013827.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258915","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni infection risk for school-aged children clusters within households and is modified by distance to freshwater bodies","volume":"16","author":"O Lamberti","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2307\/2532527","article-title":"Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies.","volume":"47","author":"SA Ogston","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref032","first-page":"33","article-title":"Substitution of malachite green with nigrosin-eosin yellow stain in the Kato-Katz method: microscopical appearance of the helminth eggs","volume":"7","author":"EI Odongo-Aginya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013827.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/22.5.766","article-title":"General principles of specimen collection and transport","volume":"22","author":"ML Wilson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013827.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.11.009","article-title":"Field-based evaluation of a reagent strip test for diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni by detecting circulating cathodic antigen in urine before and after chemotherapy","volume":"101","author":"M Legesse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013827.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)91101-4","article-title":"Guidelines for the evaluation of soil-transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level: A guide for managers of control programmes","volume":"92","author":"RF Sturrock","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref036","article-title":"WHO (2002a) Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. In:","author":"WHO","year":"2002","journal-title":"Technical Report Series 912. World Health Organization: Geneva"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013827.ref037","first-page":"374","article-title":"Uganda Clinical Guidelines","volume":"5","author":"M Naunton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref038","volume-title":"A guide to SPSS, data analysis and critical appraisal","author":"B Barton","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1209-6","article-title":"Knowledge and perception of tuberculosis and the risk to become treatment default among newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in primary health care, East Nusa Tenggara: a retrospective study","volume":"8","author":"I Putera","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013827.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002991","article-title":"Risk factors and spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children in Mbita District, Western Kenya","volume":"8","author":"S Nagi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1991-z","article-title":"Current status of Schistosoma mansoni and the factors associated with infection two years following mass drug administration programme among primary school children in Mwea irrigation scheme: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"J Masaku","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280180","article-title":"Burden and risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection among primary school children: A quantitative school-based cross-sectional survey in Busega district, Northern Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"G Ogweno","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byagamy JP, Malinga GM, Angwech H, Opiro R, Echodu R, Odongo-aginya E. Prevalence, infection intensity and associated risk factors of intestinal schistosomiasis among primary school children in Lira District, Northern Uganda. 2019;:1\u201317.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.2.12679\/v2"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4816-4","article-title":"Schistosomiasis mansoni incidence data in Rwanda can improve prevalence assessments, by providing high-resolution hotspot and risk factors identification","volume":"17","author":"E Nyandwi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013827.ref045","first-page":"95","article-title":"Reassessment of Helminth infections in gulu municipality Nothern Uganda after the twenty years of insurgency: using three diagonostic methods to compare their sensitivity","volume":"90","author":"A Katungi","year":"2013","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/pao.2018.4","article-title":"Prevalence, intensity and spatial co-distribution of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths infections in Ogun state, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"AS Oluwole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9530","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53519-4","article-title":"Current water contact and Schistosoma mansoni infection have distinct determinants: a data-driven population-based study in rural Uganda","volume":"15","author":"F Reitzug","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013827.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010190","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding schistosomiasis infection and prevention: A mixed-methods study among endemic communities of western Uganda","volume":"16","author":"MK Anyolitho","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","article-title":"The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review","volume":"8","author":"JET Grimes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08333-7","article-title":"Prevalence, intensity and endemicity of intestinal schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis and its associated factors among school-aged children in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Z Zerdo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013827.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304266","article-title":"Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school-aged children in pastoralist communities of Kenya: A cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"RW Kihoro","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013827.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288936","article-title":"Burden and factors associated with ongoing transmission of soil-transmitted helminths infections among the adult population: A community-based cross-sectional survey in Muleba district, Tanzania","volume":"18","author":"F Zacharia","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011043","article-title":"Precision mapping of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school age children at the coastal region, Kenya","volume":"17","author":"S Kepha","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013827.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011589","article-title":"Baseline soil-transmitted helminth and schistosome infection in the Geshiyaro project, Ethiopia: A unique transmission interruption project using biometric fingerprinting for longitudinal individual analysis","volume":"17","author":"AE Phillips","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.11727","article-title":"Does mass drug administration affect Schistosoma mansoni infection trends in West Dembia district, Northwest Ethiopia?","volume":"14","author":"AJ Zeleke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00925-1","article-title":"Prevalence of Schistosoma mono- and co-infections with multiple common parasites and associated risk factors and morbidity profile among adults in the Taabo health and demographic surveillance system, South-Central C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"11","author":"FK Bassa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013827.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3040111","article-title":"Low Praziquantel Treatment Coverage for Schistosoma mansoni in Mayuge District, Uganda, Due to the Absence of Treatment Opportunities, Rather Than Systematic Non-Compliance","volume":"3","author":"M Adriko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-022-00239-1","article-title":"Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths infections among preschool and school-age children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"L Chelkeba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-025-00722-8","article-title":"Global partnerships in combating tropical diseases: assessing the impact of a U.S. withdrawal from the WHO","volume":"53","author":"IJ Ogieuhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013827.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011614","article-title":"Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths and associated risk factors among primary school children in Kandahar, Afghanistan: A cross-sectional analytical study","volume":"17","author":"BA Rahimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013827.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717261","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/717261","article-title":"Environmental epidemiology of intestinal schistosomiasis in Uganda: population dynamics of biomphalaria (gastropoda: planorbidae) in Lake Albert and Lake Victoria with observations on natural infections with digenetic trematodes","volume":"2015","author":"C Rowel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013827.ref062","article-title":"Socioeconomic Inequalities in Neglected Tropical Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"TAJ Houweling","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013827.ref063","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for schistosomiasis among schoolchildren in two settings of C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"4","author":"EK Angora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013827.ref064","article-title":"Associations between selective attention and soil-transmitted helminth infections, socioeconomic status, and physical fitness in disadvantaged children in Port Elizabeth, South Africa: An observational study","volume":"8","author":"EC Strunz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3494-y","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and practices in relation to prevention and control of schistosomiasis infection in Mwea Kirinyaga county, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"J Mwai","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013827.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070858","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Schistosoma mansoni Infection among Pre-School Age Children in Southern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"T Tadele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013827.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011496","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminths: A critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination","volume":"17","author":"S Lebu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013827.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-6023-3","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors for hookworm infections among primary schoolchildren in rural areas of Nakhon Si Thammarat, southern Thailand","volume":"18","author":"C Punsawad","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:28:59Z","timestamp":1765996139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013827"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maria Y","family":"Pakharukova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013827","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]}}}