{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:39:24Z","timestamp":1788262764765,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000774","name":"Defense Threat Reduction Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HDTRA1-21-C-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA1-21-C-0014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Burkholderia pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an environmental bacterium that causes melioidosis, a life-threatening disease prevalent in tropical regions. Accurate detection of\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the environment is essential for identifying areas that pose an infection risk. This study aimed to evaluate culture- and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for detecting\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      directly in soil samples, and to assess its environmental prevalence in relation to antibody levels in healthy individuals from Amnat Charoen, Northeast Thailand.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Initial studies used spiked soil samples to evaluate culture-based methods including Ashdown agar, phosphate-buffered acidic erythritol (ACER) agar, Threonine-basal salt solution with colistin 50 (TBSS-C50) broth, TBSS-C50 based erythritol broth, and ACER broth, and real-time PCR assays targeting\n                      <jats:italic>BPSS1187<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>TTS1-orf2<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Hemolysin coregulated protein 1 (Hcp1)-specific antibodies were measured in 398 plasma samples using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Based on these antibody titers, 238 soil samples were collected from the households of individuals that were strongly positive (N\u2009=\u20096) and negative (N\u2009=\u20096) for Hcp1-specific antibodies.\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      was isolated from 3.36% (8\/238) of soil samples by direct culture on Ashdown agar and from 5.46% (13\/238) after enrichment in ACER broth followed by culture on Ashdown agar. Real-time PCR assays confirmed the presence of\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 2 out of 20 culture-positive soil samples. Overall,\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in 14 of 129 samples (10.9%) from households of seropositive individuals and in 6 of 108 samples (5.5%) from households of seronegative individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.165).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrates the importance of using effective methods for detection of\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      in environmental samples. For culture-based approaches, enrichment in ACER broth followed by subculture on Ashdown agar demonstrated enhanced bacterial recovery compared to direct culture on Ashdown agar alone. There was limited detection of\n                      <jats:italic>B. pseudomallei<\/jats:italic>\n                      in soil by real-time PCR, and lack of an association between environmental detection methods and human seroprevalence. These findings highlight the need for integrated, multi-dimensional surveillance approaches.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T18:24:01Z","timestamp":1767378241000},"page":"e0013840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of culture- and PCR-based methods for detecting Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil samples in Thailand"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Didtawa","family":"Suttisak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlene Mae Salao","family":"Cagape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rathanin","family":"Seng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natnaree","family":"Saiprom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wongwarut","family":"Boonyanugomol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamolchanok","family":"Rukseree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Brett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary N.","family":"Burtnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3906-7379","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Narisara","family":"Chantratita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013840.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105637","article-title":"Comprehensive approaches for the detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and diagnosis of melioidosis in human and environmental samples","volume":"169","author":"SNH Oslan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013840.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.458","article-title":"Epidemiology of Burkholderia pseudomallei in Thailand","volume":"60","author":"V Vuddhakul","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013840.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ, Peacock SJ. 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