{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:57:10Z","timestamp":1792195030650,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGS-55503R-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGS-55503R-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001309","name":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001309","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI 2515340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI 2515340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Remote Emerging Disease Intelligence-NETwork"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016156","name":"U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-21-C-0001, W81XWH-22-C-0093, HT9425-23-C-0059, and HT9425-24-C-0072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-21-C-0001, W81XWH-22-C-0093, HT9425-23-C-0059, and HT9425-24-C-0072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012643","name":"Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Emerging zoonoses remain a global public health concern. Surveillance of infectious and vector-borne diseases is vital for predicting and mitigating detrimental effects of zoonotic spillover events. Beyond assessing what microorganisms are circulating in specific environments, it is important to understand how potential reservoir hosts, especially animals such as bats, participate in pathogen transmission. Bats can host and potentially spread infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. However, bats can also act as sentinels that test positive for pathogenic microorganisms without necessarily contributing to the pathogen replication cycle. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) provides an efficient means to broadly screen for pathogens, although microorganism selectivity can sometimes be lower than targeted approaches. Pairing mNGS results with higher-sensitivity tests such as quantitative PCR (qPCR) can validate results and together these tools provide a relatively fast and reliable method for conducting surveillance. To test this approach, we conducted an exploratory study surveying the types of microorganisms circulating in Belize by collecting 263 blood samples from 20 different bat species captured in the Orange Walk District in 2019, 2022, and 2023. We used mNGS to initially characterize the microbial communities and qPCR to confirm presence and intensity of human pathogens of interest. We detected 1,430 different microorganisms with some relevance to human or animal health, including the protozoan\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi,<\/jats:italic>\n                    which was detected in the phyllostomid bats\n                    <jats:italic>Desmodus rotundus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Artibeus jamaicensis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . qPCR confirmed the presence and intensity of\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    in mNGS-positive bat samples. We documented the types of pathogenic microorganisms circulating throughout the bat community in northern Belize to demonstrate the capacity for bats to serve as sentinels.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T19:03:12Z","timestamp":1784833392000},"page":"e0013851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neotropical bats as sentinels for emerging zoonoses in Central America: A case study identifying Trypanosoma cruzi in bats from Belize using metagenomic next-generation sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Elissa G.","family":"Torgerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Lock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly C.","family":"Simonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Vicente-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Brock","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy B.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6939-2055","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicole L.","family":"Achee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013851.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmh.2023.100174","article-title":"Climate change and the public health imperative for supporting migration as adaptation","volume":"7","author":"H Marcus","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Migr Health"},{"key":"pntd.0013851.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092264","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2023.1092264","article-title":"Trapped or staying put: Governing immobility in the context of climate change","volume":"5","author":"F Thornton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Clim"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013851.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-024-02078-z","article-title":"Impacts of climate change-related human migration on infectious diseases","volume":"14","author":"JL-H Tsui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013851.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-022-00647-3","article-title":"Climate Change and Cascading Risks from Infectious Disease","volume":"11","author":"JC Semenza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013851.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29737","article-title":"Zoonotic spillover and extreme weather events drive the global outbreaks of airborne viral emerging infectious diseases","volume":"96","author":"Z Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013851.ref006","article-title":"Land use-induced spillover: a call to action to safeguard environmental, animal, and human health","volume":"5","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013851.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46151-9","article-title":"Ecological countermeasures to prevent pathogen spillover and subsequent pandemics","volume":"15","author":"RK Plowright","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pntd.0013851.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022RG000785","article-title":"Land Use Change and Infectious Disease Emergence","volume":"63","author":"MC Rulli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev Geophys"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013851.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac697","article-title":"Climate Change and the Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases in the United States","volume":"76","author":"PJ Edelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013851.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230358","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2023.0358","article-title":"Robust evidence for bats as reservoir hosts is lacking in most African virus studies: a review and call to optimize sampling and conserve bats","volume":"19","author":"N Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013851.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0394-z","article-title":"Bat-borne virus diversity, spillover and emergence","volume":"18","author":"M Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013851.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212018","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1212018","article-title":"Applications of VirScan to broad serological profiling of bat reservoirs for emerging zoonoses","volume":"11","author":"EC Ruhs","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013851.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.03260","article-title":"Phylogenetic diversity, types of endemism and the evolutionary history of New World bats","volume":"41","author":"C L\u00f3pez\u2010Aguirre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"pntd.0013851.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06004.x","article-title":"Ecosystem services provided by bats","volume":"1223","author":"TH Kunz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013851.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.08359","article-title":"Forbidden fruits? 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