{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:50:08Z","timestamp":1790729408329,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013852","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000}}],"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001257","name":"National Geographic Society Education Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGS-55503R-19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGS-55503R-19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001309","name":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Subaward No. 28365"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Subaward No. 28365"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001309","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001309","name":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Subaward No. 56019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Subaward No. 56019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001309","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA","award":["Federal Award No. 58-3022-0-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Federal Award No. 58-3022-0-005"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01na82s61","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012643","name":"Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DBI 2515340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DBI 2515340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DJB 2508535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DJB 2508535"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chagas disease, caused by\n                      <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , is a neglected tropical disease with complex sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles involving vectors, mammalian hosts, and humans. The common vampire bat (\n                      <jats:italic>Desmodus rotundus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is an obligate blood-feeding species that frequently interacts with livestock and humans, yet their role in parasite maintenance in Central America remains poorly characterized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/Principal Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed 207 blood samples from vampire bats collected at two sites in northern Belize over three years (2019, 2021, 2022). PCR screening revealed an overall\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence of 41.5% and increasing infection risks over time. The amplicon-based next-generation sequencing of the parasite mini-exon locus identified 36 unique haplotypes belonging to five DTUs: TcI, TcIV, TcV, TcVI, and TcBat. TcBat was present in half of the samples sequenced. TcBat and TcVI were detected in Belize for the first time. Belizean TcBat haplotypes clustered closely with Colombian reference sequences and a subset formed a Belize-specific clade, indicating previously unrecognized TcBat diversity in the region; in contrast, Brazilian TcBat sequences were more distantly related.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vampire bats in Belize harbor diverse\n                      <jats:italic>T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotypes, including DTUs with established roles in human disease. Given their obligate blood diet, frequent feeding on livestock, and occasional biting of humans, vampire bats may serve as bridge hosts linking sylvatic, domestic, and human transmission cycles. Together with a recent report of an acute human Chagas disease case in northern Belize, these results underscore the need for integrated One Health surveillance of bats, vectors, livestock, and humans to better evaluate and mitigate the risk of Chagas disease in Central America.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:52:20Z","timestamp":1789149140000},"page":"e0013852","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Vampire bats in Belize harbor multiple Trypanosoma cruzi genotypes: Implications for parasite transmission at the wildlife\u2013domestic\u2013human interface"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Annalise","family":"Dunsmore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine"]},{"name":"Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin E.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma","place":["Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren R.","family":"Lock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma","place":["Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine"]},{"name":"Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Brock","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University","place":["London, Ontario, Canada"],"department":["Department of Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy B.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Museum of Natural History","place":["New York, New York, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Dumonteil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine"]},{"name":"Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma","place":["Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9009-4201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia P.","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Celia Scott Weatherhead School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Tropical Medicine"]},{"name":"Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, Tulane University","place":["New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013852.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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