{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:45:55Z","timestamp":1790063155711,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013863","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000}}],"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82372276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372276"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Trichinella spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an intestine- and tissue-dwelled parasitic nematode, the adult worms (AW) and muscle larvae parasitize in intracellular niche of intestinal epithelium and skeletal muscles of the same host, respectively. Intestinal infective larvae (IIL) and AW are two important enteral stages in\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. Their excretory-secretory proteins (ESP) disrupted host\u2019s intestinal epithelial barrier and mediated worm invasion. Meanwhile,\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      could induce autophagy of murine intestinal epithelial cells. Autophagy usually plays a role in maintaining the structural and functional integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier. However, the function of autophagy in\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      invasion and colonization in host remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ESP induce enterocyte autophagy and whether ESP-induced autophagy protects intestinal epithelial barrier from ESP-induced destruction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology\/principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of qPCR, Western blot and intracellular Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      concentration assay showed that IIL and AW ESP induced autophagy of Caco-2 and RAW264.7 cells via increasing RACK1 expression and intracellular Ca\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      concentration, and activating AMPK\/mTOR pathway. The results of qPCR, Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT), trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and paracellular permeability, and ELISA indicated that although IIL and AW ESP disrupted the cell monolayer integrity, autophagy induced by IIL and AW ESP also abolished and alleviated the ESP decreased-tight junctions expressions in Caco-2 monolayer, reduced the ESP-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory (TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2), and enhanced ESP-up-regulated production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-\u03b2).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ESP-induced autophagy ultimately relieved and limited the damage of\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ESP to gut epithelial barrier, and ensured the\n                      <jats:italic>T. spiralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      survival and development in host gut mucosal epithelium.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T18:31:40Z","timestamp":1766428300000},"page":"e0013863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Trichinella spiralis excretory-secretory proteins induced autophagy via activating AMPK\/mTOR pathway and protected gut epithelial barrier"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xin Zhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei Kun","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao Rong","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruo Dan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong Quan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8726-5498","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jing","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013863.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.2307\/3283370","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis and the concept of niche","volume":"79","author":"DD Despommier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013863.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4779-2","article-title":"Screening and characterization of early diagnostic antigens in excretory-secretory proteins from Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae by immunoproteomics","volume":"115","author":"RD Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013863.ref003","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a Trichinella spiralis aspartic protease and its facilitation role in larval invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref004","article-title":"A novel trypsin of Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of gut epithelium via binding to PAR2 and activating ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"18","author":"LL Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01032-1","article-title":"Proteases secreted by Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae damage the junctions of the intestinal epithelial cell monolayer and mediate larval invasion","volume":"53","author":"YY Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013863.ref006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a novel serine proteinase from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in larval invasion of gut epithelium","volume":"17","author":"YY Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref007","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis excretory\/secretory proteins mediated larval invasion via inducing gut epithelial apoptosis and barrier disruption","volume":"19","author":"QQ Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013863.ref008","article-title":"Effects of Trichinella spiralis and its serine protease inhibitors on autophagy of host small intestinal cells","volume":"91","author":"J-B Zhen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013863.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac148","article-title":"Autophagy Reduces the Degradation and Promotes Membrane Localization of Occludin to Enhance the Intestinal Epithelial Tight Junction Barrier against Paracellular Macromolecule Flux","volume":"17","author":"K Saha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1635384","article-title":"New insights into the interplay between autophagy, gut microbiota and inflammatory responses in IBD","volume":"16","author":"A Larabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-019-0512-2","article-title":"Autophagy: roles in intestinal mucosal homeostasis and inflammation","volume":"26","author":"S Haq","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013863.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.035","article-title":"mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"169","author":"RA Saxton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013863.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.10.009","article-title":"AMPK: Sensing Glucose as well as Cellular Energy Status","volume":"27","author":"S-C Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013863.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.28363","article-title":"Identification of a novel MTOR activator and discovery of a competing endogenous RNA regulating autophagy in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"10","author":"D Ge","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013863.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00246.2018","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier regulation by autophagy-related protein ATG6\/beclin 1","volume":"316","author":"M Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.105977","article-title":"Autophagy induction by rapamycin ameliorates experimental colitis and improves intestinal epithelial barrier function in IL-10 knockout mice","volume":"81","author":"J Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591803","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.591803","article-title":"Interplay Between NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagy","volume":"11","author":"M Biasizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013863.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.011","article-title":"Lonicerin targets EZH2 to alleviate ulcerative colitis by autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation","volume":"11","author":"Q Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013863.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051281","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Commercial Prebiotic GOS and FOS Products on Human Colonic Caco-2 Cells","volume":"12","author":"GMF Lafontaine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0013863.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8437","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c00227","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory and Transepithelial Transport Activities of Rapeseed (Brassica napus) Napin-Derived Dipeptide Thr-Leu in Caco-2 and RAW264.7 Cocultures","volume":"71","author":"J Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013863.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO00302A","article-title":"Cinnamon subcritical water extract attenuates intestinal inflammation and enhances intestinal tight junction in a Caco-2 and RAW264.7 co-culture model","volume":"10","author":"MS Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0013863.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9197","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01293B","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of ethanol extracts from Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel on intestinal inflammation using simulated gastrointestinal digestion and a Caco-2\/RAW264.7 co-culture system","volume":"12","author":"G Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01209-2","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis dipeptidyl peptidase 1 suppressed macrophage cytotoxicity by promoting M2 polarization via the STAT6\/PPAR\u03b3 pathway","volume":"54","author":"SW Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2024002","article-title":"Galactomannan inhibits Trichinella spiralis invasion of intestinal epithelium cells and enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity related killing of larvae by driving macrophage polarization","volume":"31","author":"R Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"issue":"22","key":"pntd.0013863.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3532","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223532","article-title":"Regulatory Effect of Fucoidan Hydrolysates on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Caco-2 and RAW264.7 Cells Co-Cultures","volume":"13","author":"X Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.115268","article-title":"Fractional extraction phenolics from C. oleifera seed kernels exhibited anti-inflammatory effect via PI3K\/Akt\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway under Caco-2\/RAW264.7 co-culture cell model","volume":"197","author":"C Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013863.ref027","article-title":"Oral vaccination of mice with attenuated Salmonella encoding Trichinella spiralis calreticulin and serine protease 1.1 confers protective immunity in BALB\/c mice","volume":"16","author":"SJ Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref028","article-title":"A novel Trichinella spiralis serine proteinase disrupted gut epithelial barrier and mediated larval invasion through binding to RACK1 and activating MAPK\/ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"18","author":"YY Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01258-7","article-title":"Quantitative label-free proteomic analysis of excretory-secretory proteins in different developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis","volume":"55","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-022-01104-2","article-title":"A novel C-type lectin from Trichinella spiralis mediates larval invasion of host intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"53","author":"HN Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013863.ref031","article-title":"Characterization of a novel pyruvate kinase from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in sugar metabolism, larval molting and development","volume":"16","author":"WW Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.135958","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis C-type lectin mediates larva invasion of gut mucosa via binding to syndecan-1 and damaging epithelial integrity in mice","volume":"280","author":"BN Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.021","article-title":"A metalloproteinase Tsdpy31 from Trichinella spiralis participates in larval molting and development","volume":"192","author":"HN Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref034","article-title":"Vaccination of mice with Trichinella spiralis C-type lectin elicited the protective immunity and enhanced gut epithelial barrier function","volume":"19","author":"BN Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-022-00464-z","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots induce ferroptosis through disrupting calcium homeostasis in microglia","volume":"19","author":"T Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.120997","article-title":"A host-coupling bio-nanogenerator for electrically stimulated osteogenesis","volume":"276","author":"B Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-019-0689-0","article-title":"Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of molting-related proteins of Trichinella spiralis intestinal infective larvae","volume":"50","author":"HN Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-3981-y","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a Trichinella spiralis elastase-1 and its potential as a diagnostic antigen for trichinellosis","volume":"13","author":"CX Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01246-x","article-title":"Trichinella spiralis galectin binding to toll-like receptor 4 induces intestinal inflammation and mediates larval invasion of gut mucosa","volume":"54","author":"KN Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01217-2","article-title":"Binding of Trichinella spiralis C-type lectin with syndecan-1 on intestinal epithelial cells mediates larval invasion of intestinal epithelium","volume":"54","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-024-01380-0","article-title":"Biological characteristics of a new long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1 from Trichinella spiralis and its participation in lipid metabolism, larval moulting, and development","volume":"55","author":"YL Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634185","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.634185","article-title":"Disruption of Epithelial Barrier of Caco-2 Cell Monolayers by Excretory Secretory Products of Trichinella spiralis Might Be Related to Serine Protease","volume":"12","author":"C Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013863.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.06066-11","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni disrupts protective Toll-like receptor 9 signaling in colonic epithelial cells and increases the severity of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"80","author":"JR O\u2019Hara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00372","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica EhCP112 Dislocates and Degrades Claudin-1 and Claudin-2 at Tight Junctions of the Intestinal Epithelium","volume":"7","author":"P Cuellar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103758","article-title":"Targeting uPA-uPAR interaction to improve intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"75","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124415","article-title":"Short Caco-2 model for evaluation of drug permeability: A sodium valerate-assisted approach","volume":"661","author":"NU Rehman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.106263","article-title":"Oral immunization with attenuated Salmonella encoding an elastase elicits protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection","volume":"226","author":"XZ Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-044820","article-title":"Mechanisms of Autophagy Initiation","volume":"86","author":"JH Hurley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013863.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2788","article-title":"Emerging regulation and functions of autophagy","volume":"15","author":"P Boya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013863.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061318","article-title":"Vacuolar and plasma membrane stripping and autophagic elimination of Toxoplasma gondii in primed effector macrophages","volume":"203","author":"YM Ling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013863.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M807890200","article-title":"Host cell autophagy is induced by Toxoplasma gondii and contributes to parasite growth","volume":"284","author":"Y Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013863.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12524","article-title":"Host cell autophagy contributes to Plasmodium liver development","volume":"18","author":"C Thieleke-Matos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013863.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13298","article-title":"Cryptosporidium parvum infection induces autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"23","author":"S Priyamvada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013863.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.01.001","article-title":"Loss of Paneth Cell Autophagy Causes Acute Susceptibility to Toxoplasma gondii-Mediated Inflammation","volume":"23","author":"E Burger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013863.ref055","article-title":"Effects of Trichinella spiralis and its excretory\/secretory products on autophagy of host muscle cells in vivo and in vitro","volume":"15","author":"X Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013863.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00235.2016","article-title":"Curcumin improves intestinal barrier function: modulation of intracellular signaling, and organization of tight junctions","volume":"312","author":"J Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013863.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308567100","article-title":"RACK1 binds to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and mediates Ca2+ release","volume":"101","author":"RL Patterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013863.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19072040","article-title":"Implications of AMPK in the Formation of Epithelial Tight Junctions","volume":"19","author":"P Rowart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.06.005","article-title":"Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta acts upstream of AMP-activated protein kinase in mammalian cells","volume":"2","author":"A Woods","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013863.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.10.011","article-title":"RACK1 Promotes Autophagy by Enhancing the Atg14L-Beclin 1-Vps34-Vps15 Complex Formation upon Phosphorylation by AMPK","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348010","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1348010","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits the TNF-\u03b1-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability via a TLR-2 and PI3K-dependent inhibition of NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"15","author":"M Haque","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05076-z","article-title":"Intestinal Piezo1 aggravates intestinal barrier dysfunction during sepsis by mediating Ca2+ influx","volume":"22","author":"Z Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013863.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30526-2","article-title":"Rhamnogalacturonan, a chemically-defined polysaccharide, improves intestinal barrier function in DSS-induced colitis in mice and human Caco-2 cells","volume":"8","author":"D Maria-Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pntd.0013863.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.06.038","article-title":"IL1B Increases Intestinal Tight Junction Permeability by Up-regulation of MIR200C-3p, Which Degrades Occludin mRNA","volume":"159","author":"M Rawat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013863.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61243-6","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of epithelial tight junction proteins enhances barrier function and blocks enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7-induced increased permeability","volume":"167","author":"KL Howe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013863.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700105","article-title":"Microbial-Derived Butyrate Promotes Epithelial Barrier Function through IL-10 Receptor-Dependent Repression of Claudin-2","volume":"199","author":"L Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00491","article-title":"Macrophage cytokines: involvement in immunity and infectious diseases","volume":"5","author":"G Arango Duque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013863.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-015-8626-4","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of Trichinella spiralis-derived excretory-secretory antigens","volume":"61","author":"I Radovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"pntd.0013863.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2022.e00164","article-title":"Trichinella-induced immunomodulation: Another tale of helminth success","volume":"27","author":"F Bruschi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Waterborne Parasitol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013863","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013863","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T20:25:09Z","timestamp":1768940709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013863"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Krystyna","family":"Cwiklinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013863","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]}}}