{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:21:07Z","timestamp":1787772067685,"version":"build-2784847793"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013864","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000}}],"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hainan Joint Project of Health Science and Technology Innovation","award":["WSJK2024MS167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WSJK2024MS167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To summarize the epidemiological status and transmission dynamics of soil-transmitted helminthiases (STHs) in Hainan Island from 2017 to 2023, providing an evidence-based foundation for optimizing future control strategies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n From 2017 to 2023, two mobile and one fixed surveillance sites were selected annually from 18 counties\/cities in Hainan Island. Each site was divided into five geographical zones (east, west, south, north, and central), with one administrative village randomly chosen from each zone. At least 200 local residents aged\u2009\u2265\u20093 years were enrolled per village, totalling\u2009\u2265\u20091,000 participants per site. Fresh stool samples (\u2265 30\u2009g) were collected for modified Kato\u2013Katz thick smear examination (two slides per sample) to detect hookworm,\n Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Enterobius vermicularis<\/jats:italic>\n eggs. Perianal cellophane tape swabs were used for\n E. vermicularis<\/jats:italic>\n screening in children aged 3\u20139 years. Infection prevalence was calculated, and demographic differences were analysed by using the chi-square test. Temporal trends were assessed via Joinpoint regression analysis. ArcGIS 10.8 was used to construct a spatial database, perform kernel density estimation (KDE), and calculate global and local Moran\u2019s I indices for spatial aggregation analysis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 29,669 individuals from 128 administrative villages across 88 townships in 18 county-level divisions were monitored. The overall STH infection rate was 5.76% (1,710\/29,669), with hookworms (3.47%),\n A. lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n (0.88%),\n T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n (0.10%), and\n E. vermicularis<\/jats:italic>\n (1.45%) as the dominant species. The infection rate showed a significant downward trend (AAPC\u2009=\u2009-18.99,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Regional differences were evident (\u03c7\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u2009735.316,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001), with the highest rate in Danzhou City (18.96%) and the lowest rate in Ding\u2019an County (0.39%). Infection rates varied significantly by sex, age, ethnicity, occupation, and education level (all\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Global spatial autocorrelation indicated clustering of\n T. trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n infections (Moran\u2019s I\u2009=\u20090.137, Z\u2009=\u20091.983,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05). Local autocorrelation identified high\u2013high clustering in Baisha County and low\u2013low clustering in Haikou City and adjacent areas. KDE analysis revealed core high-density zones in Wuzhishan City and neighbouring counties, with secondary hotspots in Danzhou City and the Tunchang\u2013Qionghai\u2013Ding\u2019an corridor.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Although STH infection rates in Hainan Island have consistently declined, central\u2013southern mountainous counties and vulnerable groups (e.g., children and older people) require sustained surveillance and targeted interventions to consolidate control efforts.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T19:31:13Z","timestamp":1767814273000},"page":"e0013864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal and spatial distributions and clustering features of soil-transmitted helminthiases on Hainan Island: A retrospective study from 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