{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:12:59Z","timestamp":1767773579462,"version":"build-2238731810"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013882","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000}}],"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006021","name":"Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Armement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PDH-2-NRBC-2-B-2113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDH-2-NRBC-2-B-2113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012947","name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RI3M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI3M"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both Duffy blood antigen expression and G6PD deficiency are known to be associated with ethnic origin. Updates in epidemiological data on the prevalence of polymorphisms in these two human genes are key information for guiding national programs to eliminate\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      malaria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Duffy genotypes and their predicted phenotypes were determined in 943 blood samples from Mauritanian patients belonging to different ethnic groups (n\u2009=\u2009432 White Moors and n\u2009=\u2009511 individuals of black African ancestry) with a known G6PD genotype determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in our previous study, using a cost-saving multiplexed barcoding technique that allows simultaneous analysis of a large number of samples and next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Duffy-negative phenotype predicted from Duffy genotype was predominant in individuals with black African ancestry (65\u201388%), while 16% of white Moors were Duffy-negative. Among 432 samples with interpretable Duffy sequence data from white Moors, 7\/356 (2.0%) were Duffy-positive and G6PD A\n                      <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                      deficient; 8\/76 (10.5%) were Duffy-negative and G6PD A\n                      <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                      deficient, mostly (n\u2009=\u20096) in heterozygous females. By contrast, among 511 patients of black African ancestry, 13 (13\/140, 9.3% including heterozygous females) were Duffy-positive and G6PD A\n                      <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                      deficient; 65 (65\/371, 17.5%) were Duffy-negative and G6PD A\n                      <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                      deficient, mostly (n\u2009=\u200944) in heterozygous females.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A large majority of white Moors are Duffy-positive and susceptible to\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, but most are eligible for anti-hypnozoite therapy with primaquine at the standard dose. About 15.4% of individuals with black African ancestry were affected by G6PD A\n                      <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                      deficiency, independently of their Duffy receptor status. This population requires G6PD screening before primaquine therapy in rare cases of\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection. These results provide important clues about the feasibility to implement an efficient anti-hypnozoite treatment in Mauritania and identify priority areas for targeted interventions against\n                      <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      malaria.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013882","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T18:41:03Z","timestamp":1766774463000},"page":"e0013882","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Amplicon-based DNA sequencing to characterize Duffy antigen polymorphisms and analysis of Duffy blood system and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Mauritania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Albin","family":"Fontaine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oum Kelthoum Mamadou","family":"Djigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali Ould Mohamed Salem","family":"Boukhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Basco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8872-1774","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Briolant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013882.ref001","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013882.ref002","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines for Malaria, 16 October 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"pntd.0013882.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.97","article-title":"The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria","volume":"64","author":"K Mendis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pntd.0013882.ref004","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax: who cares?","author":"MR Galinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013882.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70177-X","article-title":"Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite","volume":"9","author":"I Mueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013882.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001160","article-title":"Why is Plasmodium vivax a neglected tropical disease?","volume":"5","author":"JM Carlton","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013882.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.04.001","article-title":"Neglected tropical diseases in Central America and Panama: review of their prevalence, populations at risk and impact on regional development","volume":"44","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013882.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2007.02.009","article-title":"Plasmodium vivax in Africa: hidden in plain sight?","volume":"23","author":"R Rosenberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013882.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.08.005","article-title":"African Plasmodium vivax: distribution and origins","volume":"42","author":"R Culleton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pntd.0013882.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0141","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax","volume":"95","author":"RE Howes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013882.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197608052950602","article-title":"The resistance factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. 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