{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:46:45Z","timestamp":1792090005718,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1190754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1190754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States Agency for International Development","award":["G2775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2775"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01n6e6j62","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"University of Queensland's Health Research Accelerator","award":["2021\u20132028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\u20132028"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/059qgvg50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00pkdvj50","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1193826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1193826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination, the World Health Organization recommends multiple rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) to interrupt transmission. While LF antigen (Ag) is routinely used to monitor progress, recent evidence suggests more time-sensitive indicators are needed during the immediate post-MDA period. In Samoa, triple-drug MDA was distributed in 2018 and 2023. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Samoa\u2019s second round of triple-drug MDA on human and mosquito-based indicators of transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surveys were conducted in eight primary sampling units (PSUs) in 2019 (6\u20139 months after the 2018 MDA), 2023 (4.5 years after the 2018 MDA) and 2024 (10 months after the 2023 MDA). Participants aged \u22655 years from randomly selected households were tested for Ag and microfilariae (Mf). For molecular xenomonitoring (MX), mosquitoes were caught using BG-Sentinel traps at households, sorted into pools by species, and tested for presence of filarial DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results and key findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 2024, Ag prevalence was 10.3% (95% CI: 7.3-14.5) versus 9.9% (95% CI: 3.5-21.0) in 2023 and 9.8% (95% CI: 5.6-15.5) in 2019. Mf prevalence was 3.1% (95% CI: 1.8-5.5) in 2024 vs 5.1% (95% CI:1.3-12.4) in 2023 and 3.1% (95% CI:1.3-5.9) in 2019. Odds ratios (OR) of a positive test in 2024 vs 2023 showed no decrease for Ag (OR 1.0; 95% CI: 0.7-1.6), but a potential reduction in the proportion of Ag-positive participants who were Mf-positive (OR 0.6; 95% CI: 0.2-1.4) and a significant reduction in the prevalence of qPCR-positive mosquitoes (OR 0.4; 95% CrI: 0.2-0.7). From 2019\u20132024, there were reductions in prevalence of qPCR-positive\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (OR 0.5; 95% CrI: 0.3-1.0) and\n                      <jats:italic>Aedes polynesiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (OR 0.4; 95% CrI: 0.2-0.8).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Samoa, LF transmission continues despite two rounds of triple-drug MDA five years apart. Mosquito indicators can provide a more sensitive measure of MDA impact in the immediate post-intervention period and complement human indicators for long-term surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:47:35Z","timestamp":1792086455000},"page":"e0013895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the impact of triple-drug mass drug administration using human and mosquito-based indicators of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa, 2019 \u2013 2024"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-4324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen J.","family":"Mayfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland","place":["Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"department":["Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angus","family":"McLure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University","place":["Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Rigby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute","place":["Enoggera, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brady","family":"McPherson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute","place":["Enoggera, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Bradbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University","place":["Cairns, Queensland, Australia"]},{"name":"Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University","place":["Berwick, Victoria, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Hedtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University","place":["Bundoora, Victoria, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys","family":"Izuagbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute","place":["Enoggera, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Kizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute","place":["Enoggera, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute","place":["Enoggera, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Panahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QIMR Berghofer Institute of Medical Research","place":["Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatris Mario","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland","place":["Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"department":["Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benn","family":"Sartorius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland","place":["Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"department":["Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asrhyella","family":"Seeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University","place":["Cairns, Queensland, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selina","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland","place":["Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"department":["Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samoa Ministry of Health","place":["Apia, Samoa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satupaitea","family":"Viali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oceania University of Medicine Samoa","place":["Apia, Samoa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Graves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University","place":["Berwick, Victoria, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen L.","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland","place":["Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"],"department":["Faculty of Health, Medicine and Behavioural Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013895.ref001","first-page":"491","article-title":"Strategies and tools for the control\/elimination of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"75","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref002","volume-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: Fact sheet","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013895.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00126-23","article-title":"Current perspectives in the epidemiology and control of lymphatic filariasis","volume":"38","author":"DK de Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pntd.0013895.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000317","article-title":"The global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Health impact after 8 years","volume":"2","author":"EA Ottesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref005","volume-title":"Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref006","volume-title":"Monitoring and epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: A manual for national elimination programmes","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025","edition":"2"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref007","volume-title":"Guideline: Alternative mass drug administrations to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref008","first-page":"56","article-title":"Development and introduction of the filariasis test strip: A new diagnostic test for the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","volume":"106","author":"A Pantelias","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013895.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012386","article-title":"Field laboratory comparison of STANDARD Q Filariasis Antigen Test (QFAT) with Bioline Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) for the detection of Lymphatic Filariasis in Samoa, 2023","volume":"18","author":"JL Scott","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013895.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012538","article-title":"Performance characteristics of STANDARD Q Filariasis Antigen test (QFAT) to detect filarial antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti in the field","volume":"18","author":"RJ Dinesh","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013895.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06463-7","article-title":"Molecular xenomonitoring as an indicator of microfilaraemia prevalence for lymphatic filariasis in Samoa in 2019","volume":"17","author":"M Howlett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2024.107194","article-title":"Anti-filarial antibodies are sensitive indicators of lymphatic filariasis transmission and enable identification of high-risk populations and hotspots","volume":"147","author":"H Lawford","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013895.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70017","article-title":"Current gaps in survey design and analysis for molecular xenomonitoring of vector-borne neglected tropical diseases: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"A McLure","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pntd.0013895.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013492","article-title":"Detection of potential transmission foci of lymphatic filariasis using molecular xenomonitoring in Huahine, French Polynesia","volume":"19","author":"R Lannuzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013895.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007862","article-title":"Molecular xenomonitoring as a post-MDA surveillance tool for global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: Field validation in an evaluation unit in India","volume":"14","author":"S Subramanian","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013895.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003087","article-title":"Molecular xenomonitoring using mosquitoes to map lymphatic filariasis after mass drug administration in American Samoa","volume":"8","author":"MA Schmaedick","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013895.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7080203","article-title":"Evaluating molecular xenomonitoring as a tool for lymphatic filariasis surveillance in Samoa, 2018-2019","volume":"7","author":"B McPherson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107807","article-title":"Molecular xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in three different evaluation settings of lymphatic filariasis elimination programme in India","volume":"152","author":"V Vasuki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013895.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0169","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of a hotspot with persistent bancroftian filariasis in coastal Sri Lanka","volume":"99","author":"RU Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013895.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313957","article-title":"Perspectives on the implementation of post-validation surveillance for lymphatic filariasis in the Pacific Islands: A nominal group technique-based study protocol","volume":"19","author":"AT Craig","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2021.03.002","article-title":"Control and elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Oceania: Prevalence, geographical distribution, mass drug administration, and surveillance in Samoa, 1998-2017","volume":"114","author":"PM Graves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advances in Parasitology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pntd.0013895.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008854","article-title":"A community survey of coverage and adverse events following country-wide triple-drug mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis elimination, Samoa 2018","volume":"14","author":"GA Willis","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013895.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9120311","article-title":"Epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis antigen and microfilaria in Samoa, 2019: 7\u20139 months post triple-drug mass administration","volume":"9","author":"HJ Mayfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"pntd.0013895.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30053-0","article-title":"Measles epidemic in Samoa and other Pacific islands","volume":"20","author":"AT Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013895.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012236","article-title":"Ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Samoa 4.5 years after one round of triple-drug mass drug administration","volume":"18","author":"HJ Mayfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref026","author":"Samoa Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0886-2","article-title":"Evaluation of traps and lures for mosquito vectors and xenomonitoring of Wuchereria bancrofti infection in a high prevalence Samoan Village","volume":"8","author":"LK Hapairai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref028","volume-title":"A guide to mosquitoes in the Pacific","author":"T Russell","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013895.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90304-X","article-title":"Distribution of vectors, transmission indices and microfilaria rates of subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti in relation to village ecotypes in Samoa","volume":"81","author":"WA Samarawickrema","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"12","key":"pntd.0013895.ref030","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis epidemiology in Samoa in 2018: Geographic clustering and higher antigen prevalence in older age groups","volume":"14","author":"CL Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref031","volume-title":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software","year":"2023","edition":"18"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref032","unstructured":"Samoa Bureau of Statistics. 2016 Census projection Apia: 2016."},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2021.105158","article-title":"PoolTestR: An R package for estimating prevalence and regression modelling for molecular xenomonitoring and other applications with pooled samples","volume":"145","author":"A McLure","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental Modelling & Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013895.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6020044","article-title":"Triple-drug treatment is effective for lymphatic filariasis microfilaria clearance in Samoa","volume":"6","author":"PM Graves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pntd.0013895.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008289","article-title":"A systematic review of alternative surveillance approaches for lymphatic filariasis in low prevalence settings: Implications for post-validation settings","volume":"14","author":"N Riches","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107809","article-title":"Recurrence of microfilaraemia after triple-drug therapy for lymphatic filariasis in Samoa: Recrudescence or reinfection?","volume":"152","author":"HJ Mayfield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2025.107891","article-title":"Progression of lymphatic filariasis antigenaemia and microfilaraemia over 4.5 years in antigen-positive individuals, Samoa 2019-2023","volume":"155","author":"HJ Mayfield","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"pntd.0013895.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706854","article-title":"A Trial of a triple-drug treatment for lymphatic filariasis","volume":"379","author":"CL King","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pntd.0013895.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009069","article-title":"An open label, block randomized, community study of the safety and efficacy of co-administered ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole vs. diethylcarbamazine plus albendazole for lymphatic filariasis in India","volume":"15","author":"P Jambulingam","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013895.ref040","article-title":"Alternative approaches for monitoring and evaluation of lymphatic filariasis following mass drug treatment with ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea","volume":"19","author":"K Bun","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pntd.0013895.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.70022","article-title":"An all-in-one metabarcoding approach to mosquito and arbovirus xenosurveillance","volume":"25","author":"BJ Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Ecol Resour"},{"issue":"6","key":"pntd.0013895.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab202","article-title":"Individual efficacy and community impact of ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis control in Fiji: A cluster randomized trial","volume":"73","author":"M Hardy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013895.ref043","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013895","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:47:44Z","timestamp":1792086464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013895"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013895","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]]}}}