{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T10:00:02Z","timestamp":1769853602426,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo \u00c3\u00a0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["n. 002\/2021- PROGRAMA AMAZ\u00d4NIDAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n. 002\/2021- PROGRAMA AMAZ\u00d4NIDAS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","award":["NOTICE N\u00ba. 017\/2024 \u2013 DIVULGA CT&I\/FAPEAM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOTICE N\u00ba. 017\/2024 \u2013 DIVULGA CT&I\/FAPEAM"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00c3\u00a7\u00c3\u00a3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","award":["POSGRAD 2025\/2026 - COORDINATOR\/FINANCIAL AID"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POSGRAD 2025\/2026 - COORDINATOR\/FINANCIAL AID"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected anthropozoonosis caused by\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with the oral route standing out as the primary cause for the increase in acute cases in the Brazilian Amazon and a key factor in the increase of acute cases. Despite this, the immune response in affected individuals remains minimally explored in humans. This longitudinal study aimed to characterize the serum cytokine profile in patients with acute CD before and after treatment. Participants were recruited from several municipalities in the state of Amazonas, and individuals with chronic inflammatory diseases were excluded. The cytokines IL-1\u03b1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17\u03b1, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3 were analyzed. From 2017 to 2022, 35 patients and 14 controls were included (mean age 46.3\u2009\u00b1\u200917.8 years; 57.1% male; 74.3% from oral transmission outbreaks). Twenty-five patients (71.4%) were successfully followed up, despite logistical challenges. Elevated levels of all cytokines were found in acute-phase patients before treatment, indicating an effective immune activation. After an average of 12 months post-treatment, significant reductions were observed in IL-6 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), TNF-\u03b1 (p\u2009=\u20090.011), IFN-\u03b3 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and IL-10 (p\u2009=\u20090.015). IL-2 showed strong correlations with IL-1\u03b1 and IL-17\u03b1 in the acute phase (r\u2009=\u20090.91 and 0.95). Post-treatment cytokine profiles resembled those of the control group, suggesting treatment efficacy in modulating inflammation. IL-17\u03b1, IL-10, and IL-2 maintained an interesting pattern after treatment. Cardiac MRI revealed myocardial injury by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in 27.3% of pre-treatment and 33.3% of post-treatment patients. IL-1\u03b1, IL-17\u03b1, and IL-4 had moderate negative correlations (r\u2009=\u2009\u20130.36 to \u20130.67) with LGE. These results highlight the importance of monitoring the inflammatory response in the long term, as well as the observed cytokine modulation, which reinforces the hypothesis of not only a favorable acute immune response but also a sustained long-term clinical improvement following treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T18:42:08Z","timestamp":1769798528000},"page":"e0013942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the cytokine profile in acute Chagas disease in the Brazilian Amazon: Insights before and after treatment"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7214-6816","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica Vanina","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9bora Raysa Teixeira","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Gallinaro","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marry Beatriz","family":"Matni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela Maciel","family":"Alencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N\u00e1delly Karoline Martins","family":"Derze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba Regina Jorge","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V\u00e2nia Mairi","family":"Nau\u00ea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elsa Isela Guevara","family":"Moctezuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e9lix Jos\u00e9 Alvarez","family":"Ramires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matheus Martins","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia do Nascimento","family":"Couceiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria das Gra\u00e7as Vale Barbosa","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge Augusto de Oliveira","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Marcos Bemfica","family":"Barbosa Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pntd.0013942.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fourth WHO report on neglected tropical diseases: integrating neglected tropical diseases into global health and development","volume":"4","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017","journal-title":"IV WHO Rep Neglected Trop Dis"},{"key":"pntd.0013942.ref002","unstructured":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade. 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