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The lack of well-defined protective antigens across\n                    <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars continues to necessitate reliance on whole-cell inactivated vaccines, despite their recognized limitations: suboptimal efficacy and the absence of cross-serovar protection. In this study, we presented a\n                    <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus caviae (L. caviae)<\/jats:italic>\n                    JL20 that significantly potentiated leptospiral vaccine efficacy through adjuvant-like effects. Survival assessment of hamsters demonstrated that JL20 enhances both vaccine efficacy and cross-protection. Oral JL20 significantly increased vaccine-induced cross-reactive binding antibody titers and total IgG antibody responses. In addition, JL20 exerted a priming effect in splenic macrophages, augmenting the expression of IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 in response to leptospiral vaccine stimulation, with a parallel enhancement in glycolytic activity.\n                    <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments demonstrated that JL20 significantly upregulated the expression of surface molecules CD38, CD69, and CD25 on T cells, as well as the production of the cytokine IL-2. JL20 enhanced the surface expression of key markers\u2014including CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-II\u2014on B cells. These effects indicate that JL20 enhances both cellular and humoral immune responses of leptospiral vaccine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T18:36:18Z","timestamp":1770143778000},"page":"e0013951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of a gut commensal Lactobacillus strain Limosilactobacillus caviae JL20 on leptospiral whole-cell inactivated vaccine in 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