{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:41:07Z","timestamp":1780443667514,"version":"3.54.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013974","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771372800000}}],"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008968","name":"National Research Council Sri Lanka","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of diverse diagnostic methods in the absence of a definitive gold standard makes it challenging to determine the most appropriate test for diagnosing human intestinal nematode infections (HINIs), particularly across various clinical settings with varying endemicity. The ideal diagnostic method should be feasible, cost-effective, and accurate. This review evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), comparing them to the Kato-Katz (KK) and flotation methods for the detection of ascariasis, trichuriasis, and hookworm infection, the Baermann technique (BT) for strongyloidiasis, the Scotch tape test for enterobiasis, and a composite reference standard (CRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We systematically searched PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, Trip, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and the academic search engine Google Scholar for studies published within the 12 years preceding September 2024. After the title, abstract and full-text screening, the selected studies were assessed for their methodological quality using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies - Version 2 (QUADAS-2). Data were extracted into 2x2 contingency tables, and sensitivity and specificity were pooled using the Reitsma bivariate random-effects model. Forest plots and summary ROC curves were used to explore heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 3,239 articles screened, 35 met the inclusion criteria. Overall, NAATs showed higher pooled sensitivity for HINIs. For\n                      <jats:italic>Ascaris lumbricoides<\/jats:italic>\n                      , NAATs showed markedly higher sensitivities of 96\u201398% against the CRSs, compared with KK and flotation methods (57\u201367%). For\n                      <jats:italic>Trichuris trichiura<\/jats:italic>\n                      , NAAT sensitivity ranged from 74 to 87% across CRSs, whereas KK and flotation exhibited slightly lower but comparable sensitivities (70\u201383%). For hookworm, NAATs achieved sensitivities of 88\u201395% against CRS, substantially exceeding those of KK (43%) and flotation (59%) against CRS, with specificities above 87%. In detecting\n                      <jats:italic>Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , NAATs showed 80% sensitivity versus the BT, increasing to 93% against CRS, while the BT showed a sensitivity of 59%. When all soil-transmitted helminths were analysed collectively, pooled sensitivities of NAATs (75\u201384%) exceeded those of KK (64%), with consistently high specificity across all diagnostic methods. For hookworm, NAATs detected approximately two to threefold more infections than KK and flotation methods, when evaluated against a CRS, highlighting the substantial under-detection by conventional microscopy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NAATs provide markedly higher sensitivity than copro-microscopy, especially for low-intensity or post-MDA infections. Combining routine microscopy with targeted NAAT deployment and emerging low-cost molecular approaches can optimise diagnostic accuracy and surveillance feasibility, strengthening control programmes and accelerating progress toward the WHO 2030 deworming and elimination goals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:42:03Z","timestamp":1770835323000},"page":"e0013974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Diagnostic accuracy of nucleic acid amplification tests for human intestinal nematode infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nalini","family":"Jayakody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuwan","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjana","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susiji","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4814-6928","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kosala","family":"Weerakoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pntd.0013974.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005581","article-title":"The rise of neglected tropical diseases in the \u201cnew Texas\u201d","volume":"12","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pntd.0013974.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000779","article-title":"The global atlas of helminth infection: mapping the way forward in neglected tropical disease control","volume":"4","author":"S Brooker","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"10117","key":"pntd.0013974.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31930-X","article-title":"Soil-transmitted helminth infections","volume":"391","author":"PM Jourdan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pntd.0013974.ref004","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 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